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BULLETIN No. VII. PART [.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY
Toe snIiGHER FUNG] OF THE CHICAGO REGION
PART I.—THE HYMENOMYCETES BY
DR. WILL SAYER MOFFATT
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CHICAGO PUBLISHED BY THEFACADEMY JUNE 1909
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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
CuicaGo, Iuu., February 1, 1909. Dear Sir: By direction of the Board of Managers of The Natural History Survey of The Chicago Academy of Sciences, I herewith submit to you for publication a report on The Hy- menomycetes, to be issued, under the rules of the Academy governing such matters, as Part I of Bulletin No. VII, on the Higher Fungi of the Chicago Area, prepared by Dr. Will Sayer Moffatt of Chicago. Respectfully, CHARLES 8. RapDDIN, Secretary, Natural History Survey.
To THomas C. CHAMBERLIN, President of The Chicago Academy of Sciences.
ve < es
The Board of Managers of The Natural History Survey of T)
Chicago Academy of Sciences:
‘
Cuarues 8. Rappin, Secretary. Tuomas C. CHAMBERLIN. Gayton A. Douauass.
Sruart WELLER.
WAREIRAL HISTORY SURVEY:
The report on the Higher Fungi of the area covered by the Natural History Survey will be issued in parts, prepared by Dr. Will Sayer Moffatt, and will constitute Bulletin No. VII.
The present report constitutes the first ‘part of this bulletin and includes descriptions, with many figures, of the Mushroom- like Fungi of Chicago and vicinity. Owing to their economic value, these plants possess an interest to the epicurean as well as to the botanist, and it is believed that the layman will be quite as much interested in the work as the more serious student.
The territory covered by the Survey includes Cook and Du- Page counties and the nine north townships of Will County, in Illinois, with a portion of Lake County, Indiana. This gives an area of about forty-cight or fifty miles square, or a land surface of nearly 1,800 square miles.
‘ CONTENTS
Page
Conair Oey chy a er re eer see )
oduction..... PN ee F shh Sint ss, sacvee deta: Sage bon AOE 11
Mets El yIMeNOMNyCCUES. .. . . oe ent oe eels re om sees 11
Wollectine and preserving Fungi......... .....2...... 14
Puomor Generaand Species... ..2---. 4... .-+. sees 19
ferences to Literature... 02.00.00 e cee ccee cee eens. 147
BM 5... Pe aso. A i a ok 152
PREFACE
In the year 1898, several local botanists who were interested in the lower forms of plant life, organized the “ Chicago Mycolovical Society.”’ Its purpose was the scientific study of the funeus flora of the Chicago area. <A division of labor was instituted, each member selecting a group of plants for special investigation, _At the monthly meetings, papers were read and discussed, and specimens brought in for study and comparison, while the formation of individual herbaria and a system of card-indexing have made the results of the work available for future use.
The John Crerar Library has generously given the society a room for its meetings (the location being more convenient than that of the Academy) and has ever been ready to place upon its shelves such literature as might be needed for the prosecution of the work.
Prior to the formation of the Mycological Society, no co- operative effort had been made in the direction of the study of the higher fungi of Chicago, and it is through the labors of these self-constituted specialists aided by the broad spirit of the Crerar Library that the preparation of this bulletin has been made pos- sible. In furtherance of the work of the society the secretary undertook the preparation of a descriptive card-index of all species of the higher fungi reported from the United States. This was found necessary for the reason that no manual of these plants has yet been published. in this country, and the descriptions of our species must be sought in the transactions of scientific so- cieties and botanical journals, or in many cases in the works of English, French, German, Swedish and Italian authors. This index, which contains nearly three thousand cards, has been of ereat value in the determination of our species.
In cases of doubt, specimens have been referred to Messrs. Burt, McBride, Morgan, Peck, Lloyd or other specialists, while the herbarium of Prof. E. T. Harper of our own society has been useful in resolving perplexing problems, particularly in the woody fungi. Through the zeal and enthusiasm of the latter gentleman it has been possible to exhibit excellent photographs of a number of our species. Acknowledgments are also due to Messrs. F. M. Woodruff and Grant Wyrick for the photographs which bear their names.
The arrangement of families and genera is that of Saccardo’s Sylloge. Where departure has been made from this by American botanists, mention of the fact has been made in the text.
It should be understood that this bulletin is only a preliminary study, and is published at this time in order that students of tl mycology of the Chicago area may have a starting point for their own work. That it is far from complete, no one can be more thoroughly aware than the writer. . He, too, is to be held re- sponsible forerrors in determination, except in cases where credit for the admission of a species is given to some other et
W. S. M.
INTRODUCTION
I. ORDER HYMENOMYCETES.
Mycelium floccose, giving rise at once to a distinct hymenium or producing a variously shaped naked or volvate receptacle, even or bearing on its upper or under surface various folds, plates, prickles, etc., clothed with fertile hymenial cells.
Under the order defined as above by Mr. Berkeley, botanists have described a large number of fungi, including species of re- markable diversity of size, form and appearance. The group contains nearly all of the plants commonly known as mushrooms, club-fungi, coral-fungi and bracket-fungi. In one character the species all agree. Their spores, asexually produced, are borne free on the apices of minute spicules projecting from the surface of the hymenium.
The life-history of the members of the group is comparatively simple. <A spore, falling upon a medium suitable for its develop- ment, under proper conditions of temperature and moisture, soon puts forth slender, thread-like filaments called hyphae, which as growth proceeds at length form a tangled network of fibers, known as mycelium. After a time, if the conditions for growth continue favorable, little rounded nodules or elevations appear at various points upon the plexus of mycelium. These are the beginnings of the fructification or sporophore. As the nodules increase in size they take on definite shapes, and when fully grown develop upon some part of their surface a hymenium, upon which is borne a crop of spores, completing the round of the plant’s existence.
The mycelium is made up of long, branched, multicellulas hyphae. Fusion of cells, both with other cells of the same hypha and with those of adjacent hyphae is common. By the multi- plexity of these unions and continued growth of the hyphal strands, the mycelium which in its earlier stages consisted of thin, radiating, spider-web filaments, may come to form dense, felted masses. It is usually colorless or white, becoming sordid with age, but may be creamy-white, tan, brown, or even black. In many species it is perennial, and may continue to grow for years without fruiting. Except in cases where it exhibits a dis- tinctive color, it is of little importance in the determination of species. Indeed, where a number of kinds are growing within or upon the same matrix, it is often impossible to distinguish one from another.
The spores are minute bits of protoplasm, of various sizes, shapes and colors. In one group, the Agaricaceae, they have been made a basis for classification. The colors range from. white, through creamy-white to yellow, pale-pink to deep flesh-color,
12 - THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
ochraceous to dark brown, and purple to dead black. Many are spherical, others ellipsoid, oblong, cylindrical, or fusiform, while not a few are obovate or pyriform. Their surface may be smooth, eranular or echinulate. Typically four are produced from the apex of each spicule or basidium.
The sporophore with its hymenium forms the conspicuous part of the fungus, and it is this portion that is chiefly considered in the classification of species. Detailed mention of its forms and _characters will be found in the generic keys on succeeding pages.
It may be noted that the duration of life of the sporophore varies immensely in different species. Some Coprini spring up literally in a night and disappear with the morning sun, while other species may continue to grow for many years. Fomes igniarius is said to attain the age of eighty years. (Atkinson, Am. Fungi, p. 194.)
Many problems in the life history of these plants are yet to be worked out. All of our species are considered saprophytes, yet it is known that the mycelia of certain species produce a soluble ferment which extends into and affects injuriously the living tis- sues of plants, probably to the advantage of the fungus. Still other species appear to have established such symbiotic relations with growing trees and shrubs that fungus and host are enabledto thrive, each at the expense of the other, without detriment to either.
The duration of life of the mycelium of many species is un- certain, and the conditions under which fructification may occur are imperfectly understood. Some species of Lentinus and Lenz- ites may persist for years in railroad ties or bridge timbers, finally causing a total disintegration of the wood without the appearance of a sporophore at any stage of growth of the fungus.
The coloration of species, their chemical composition, particu- larly with respect to toxic properties that may appear at certain stages of growth while absent at others, and in varying intensity in plants grown in different soils or localities, are matters concern- ing which too little is known.
The dissemination of species is another matter little studied. Many kinds are erratic in their appearance. They may be abundant one season, disappear altogether for one or more years and then reappear in large numbers, while other species apparently similar in their climatic requirements have occurred regularly each season.
Modern commerce brings to us the wood and other tree prod- ucts of every part of the globe. With these are undoubtedly imported the spores and mycelia of saprophytic fungi, both in the tissues of the wood and in or upon the bodies of burrowing larvae. So limited is our knowledge of the geographical distri- bution of our native fungi, that it is possible for species thus introduced to increase and thrive for years without being recog- nized as exotic.
The structural and physiological modifications that must ac- company a change of environment do not appear to have received
st
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY Kt
—“
attention. That the sporophores of certain species differ in ap- pearance upon different hosts is well known, and this difference has been seized with avidity by some of our ambitious species- makers as an excuse for printing their names after many forms which to the conservative botanist are not entitled to specific recognition. The common mushroom, Agaricus campestris, has through long cultivation taken on a number of forms, some of which have been elevated to varieties by a few European writers.
Our knowledge of the distribution of species in this country is yet too limited to admit of any satisfactory study of their ecological relations with the higher plants and with other fungi. The matter of food- -supply is a factor of first importance. In an undisturbed forest a tolerably constant supply of nutrition is no doubt obtained from fallen leaves, twigs, branches and trunks. The overturning of a tree by the elements gives to a host of fungi an available supply of food that may suffice for a number of years. The wound left in a trunk by the falling of a branch may permit the entrance of a colony of spores, followed by a growth of my- celium which in time will permeate the entire tree, so that it literally gives up its life to its host. By the action of fungi the weakened trees are sacrificed to make room for those which have more vigor, while dead underbrush and fallen trunks are transformed into soil capable of renewing the forest growth. With the clearing of the forest, the equillibrium maintained for centuries between constructive and destructive vegetation is abruptly terminated. A multitude of species of fungi perish by starvation, the entrance of light and the withdrawal of moisture. Other species are able to subsist in diminished numbers and in more or less impoverished condition upon the trees, shrubs and vines which have been introduced into the localities formerly occupied by the forest.
The changes that take place in fungi thus suddenly forced into a new environment have not been studied; nor have those that take place in species which have gradually extended their range into garden, orchard and vineyard from their adjacent forest home.
The mutual relations that exist between the great race of terrestrial agarics and the higher vegetation amidst which they grow, and the possible succession of species following definitely the changes wrought in soil and vegetation by those that have preceded “them, are also matters yet to be investigated.
Investigations have led to the conclusion that the spores of certain species of Coprinus are capable of germination only after they have passed through the digestive tract of some particular animal. Whether this is true of other species of the genus, and whether the spores of species of other genera require some similar or other preparation before germination has not been fully made out.* The fact that the sporophores of many species are visited
*See Ferguson, Bulletin 16, Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S. Dep. Agr., ani literature there cited. ~
14 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
by larvae, while insects, birds, squirrels and other small animals, as well as deer and cattle are known to feed upon these plants, suggests that all of these may play some important part in the viability and dissemination of the spores.
The points mentioned above are only a few of the many that require further study. In fact, there is perhaps no department of biology in which there is more need of earnest, painstaking research at every turn.
II. COLLECTING AND PRESERVING FUNGI.
On account of their perishable nature the higher fungi of a locality are often the last group of plants studied. Many species are so short-lived that they must be sketched or photographed and described within a few hours after they are collected, since they lose their shape, color and much of their susbtance in drying. Yet in a group like the Agaricaceae, containing several thousand described species, all characterized by an underground mycelium, a sporophore consisting usually of a stipe expanded at its apex into a pileus or cap which bears upon its inferior surface radiating lamellae or gills, it is evident that no character, however subtle or insignificant can with safety be overlooked. Therefore it is recommended that in addition to the study of fresh specimens, some of the plants be dried and others preserved in alcohol or formalose.
The region at the head of Lake Michigan is by no means an ideal one for the collector. The conditions for the highest develop- ment of our plants are an abundance of decaying vegetable mold, an even temperature, plentiful moisture, more or less shade, and the absence of strong air-currents. The nearest approach to these conditions is found in the wooded ravines near the lake shore from North Evanston to the Lake County line. Next to this region in fruitfulness may be mentioned the fringes of timber bordering the Chicago and Desplaines rivers, the prairie groves of DuPage, Will, and the southwestern portions of Cook counties. The sand dunes and cold swamps at the south end of the lake, so rich in the higher flora, contain comparatively few species. Amanitas are fairly common in the dunes, while a few woody species grow upon drift-wood or trees that have been buried by the shifting sands. In the lowlands bordering the swamps may be found some species of Russula and Lactarius.
The zealous collector may often find plants in the most un- promising places, such as manure heaps near livery stables or greenhouses, among rubbish in dumping grounds or alleys, in weedy areas in waste ground or back yards, in short wherever there is an abundant local supply of decaying organic food. The tract of filled ground along the lake shore from Chicago avenue to Superior street, was for several seasons visited regularly by Bohemians who collected agaries for table use. Agaricus cam- pestris and a few other species must be sought in open fields and
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 15
cultivated grounds. Some species can be found in early spring after a few days of warm sunshine, and successive crops can be gathered as long as spring showers continue. During the hot dry weather of summer scarcely any fleshy fungi appear, but a heavy rain followed by several days of warm cloudy weather will give an abundant harvest. After the autumn rains set in, collecting is usually good until’ frost, while a few hardy kinds will endure in sheltered places under leaves and about the base of stumps, until the ground is frozen. Some woody species can be collected at any season of the year, and in fact are more conspicuous in winter and late autumn after the leaves have fallen from the trees and undergrowth.
Those who take up the scientific study of the higher fungi are usually botanists of such experience that it might be assumed that suggestions for collecting and preserving plants would be superfluous. It may not, however, be out of place to give briefly the methods of our local collectors, and also an outline blank for those who wish to write descriptions of these plants. This outline is essentially that of the Boston Mycological Society.
CouttectinG. The materials for collecting are few and simple. A market basket, preferably with a cover, a few wide-mouthed jars or vials for delicate plants, a serviceable pocket knife for sectioning specimens and digging up those which grow upon the ground, a stout chisel for removing those which grow upon trees or stumps, a good quantity of tissue paper for wrapping specimens, a tablet of small sheets of writing paper for labels and field notes, a lead pencil and a pocket magnifier constitute the outfit.
Fretp Notes. It is important that field notes be made of characters that cannot be made out with certainty after the plants have been brought home, such as the character of the veil, ring, or volva when these are present, the moisture or dryness of the fresh pileus and its colors if hygrophanous, the color of the lamellae both in young and mature specimens, the color of the spores if found upon the plants themselves or upon adjacent leaves, twigs or grasses; also the special habitat, whether in moist or dry places, and the name of the host upon which it was found. A good series of plants, both young and fully matured, should always be collected if possible, and these, of one species only, should be compactly piled in the center of a tissue-sheet, and the four corners of the sheet brought together and fastened by twisting. The field-notes should be wrapped with the specimens or fastened to the wrapper. The packages should be packed carefully in the basket in such a manner that the plants will not be crushed.
Upon reaching home the plants should be taken from the basket and the various collections assorted for examination, the more perishable kinds being selected for first attention. If the spores of a species are unknown, the cap may be cut from an agaric and placed, lamellae downward, partly upon a microscope slip and partly upon a slip of white paper if the spores are supposed to be dark, or on black ‘paper if they are thought to be white.
16 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
If the specimen was mature, an abundant deposit of spores -will usually be found upon the slip and paper after the lapse of a few hours. Their color in mass upon the paper should be noted, and their size, shape and any peculiarities determined by exam- ination with the microscope. : Where frequent spore examinations are to be made, it is con- venient to have a stand fitted with an eye-piece micrometer and lenses giving a magnification of 400 diameters, this being the standard in the published figures of these plants. With such an- outfit, it is only necessary to place a small drop of water on a cover-glass, drop the cover carefully upon some portion of the slip where the spores are rather thinly distributed, place the slip upon the stage and focus. With such an outfit the spores of a large number of specimens can be examined in a comparatively short time.. A record of the size and shape of the spores should be written on the field-label. If the microscope is not fitted with a micrometer, drawings of the magnified spores should be made. Spores of Polyporei, Boleti and the Hydnaceae may be ob- tained by laying the plant, pore-surface downward upon the glass slip and paper; those of Clavariae and Thelephorae by laying one or more plants upon the slip and paper and covering with a tumbler or bell-glass to exclude air-currents. When, after trial, it is found impossible to obtain a deposit of spores, a section of the pore-bearing surface can be examined under the microscope. Measurements obtained in this way should be recorded as tentative only, for the reason that the spores thus seen are of various stages of growth, and it is difficult to determine the average size or even the typical shape and markings of those which are fully matured.
DRYING AND PRESERVING. Woody plants and the small agarics can usually be dried by placing them in a dry, sunny window. The fleshy agarics, however, must be dried by artificial heat and as quickly as possible... In the summer time, the kitchen range is usually the best place. If this is not available, the plants may be placed upon ordinary botanical wire presses or any con- venient screen of wire netting and suspended over a gas burner or kerosene lamp, keeping the specimens as near the flame as can be done without scorching. After the plants are thoroughly dry they may be kept in open boxes in any convenient dry place, preferably one exposed to sunshine, until the end of the collecting season.
Freshly gathered plants may be preserved in jars or bottles with a 2% aqueous solution of formaldehyde, or in methyl spirit. If the former liquid is used the jars must be well sealed. If after a time a cloudy deposit is seen at the bottom of the jar, the formalin has‘evaporated to such an extent that it is no longer preservative. In such cases the jars must be opened, the liquid poured off and a fresh supply added. The temperature of the room should not fall below zero C. If the plants are kept in spirit this precaution is not necessary.
It may as well be confessed that no satisfactory method of
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 17
-preserving the shape, color and consistency of these plants has yet been devised. Until some good process is invented we must have recourse to photographs, drawings and descriptions.
PoIsONING. Fungi in the herbarium are very liable to the attacks of insect pests. Before storing a collection of dried plants it is well to fumigate the specimens in a tight box (a tin wash-boiler is convenient for the purpose) in which a saucer of carbon disulphide has been placed. The process should be re- peated after a few weeks to destroy any eggs that escaped the first fumigation. Naphthaline kept in the boxes with the plants will keep out insects but will not stop the ravages of those that may already be in the plants.
STORING IN THE HERBARIUM. For methods of sectioning, pressing and mounting fleshy fungi upon herbarium sheets, reference may be had to the manuals. To us all these methods have seemed unsatisfactory, and our collectors keep all of their plants just as they were dried, in convenient sized cardboard, wood or tin boxes. Methods of labeling and arrangement of species, genera, ete., in the herbarium do not differ from those used in herbaria of the higher plants, and call for no special men- tion here,
DESCRIPTION BLANK: Pileus. Shape—flat, convex, concave, umbonate, umbilicate.
Dry, moist, hygrophanous, dull, shining, viscid; tough, fragile, fleshy, membranaceous; smooth, floccose, scaly, silky, fibrillose; even, rough, wrinkled, furrowed, ete.
Margin entire, wavy, striate, pectinate, tuberculate, involute, evolute, pubescent, smooth, floccose, strigose, appendic- ulate, ete.
Color and markings; change of color when cut or bruised. Odor, taste.
Lamellae or Tubes. Shape; attachment, free, adnexed, adnate, sinuate, decurrent.
Distant or crowded, entire, branched, forked, connected by veins.
Surface—smooth, powdery, marked in*any way. Color Texture—thick, thin, tough, brittle, ete.
young and old.
Margin—entire, wavy, scalloped, toothed, fringed. If tubes; color of body and mouth, length, size, whether mouth entire, toothed or lacerate.
Flesh. - Soft, watery, corky, coriaceous, woody, etc. Color—in general; just beneath the skin; of context. Juice—taste, color, whether changeable on exposure.
18 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Stem. Texture—tough, flexuous, fragile, fleshy.
Shape—tapering either way, straight, curved, crooked, twisted, ete.
Exterior—cartilaginous, fibrous or not, ete.
Color and markings—striate, dotted, pruinose, fibrillose, floecose or smooth, ete.
Interior—hollow, solid, stuffed, fistulose, ete.
Base—shape, markings, inserted or radicating, ete.
Mycelium. Thread-like, cottony, compact, root-like, sclerotoid; color.
Veil. Present or absent, arachnoid or woven; fragile, persis- tent, evanescent, etc.
Ring. Present or absent, position, character, permanent or fugacious.
Volva. Present or absent, persistent or disappearing, splitting at the apex or circumscissile, granular or floccose.
Spores. Color in mass. Habitat. If on trees, shrubs, branches, twigs, logs, stumps— kind: dead or living. If on the ground—wet, dry,’soil, woods, fields, pastures, ete. ; under or near what trees. Manner of growth. Solitary, in clusters, troops, caespitose or concrescent.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 19
DESCRIPTION OF GENERA AND SPECIES HYMENOMYCETES.
Key to CuicaGo FAMILIES AND GENERA.
Hymenium not an even surface, but
on radiating lamellae, these
usually inferior in position..Fam.I. AGARICACEAE lining the interior of tubes or [CYOLRSISE ghee aceas e Fam. Il. PoLtyroracear
covering needle-shaped — or other] fleshy protuberances. . Fam. III]. HypNacrar
Hymenium even, and
Or
~J
inferior, plant tough......... Fam. 1V. THELEPHORACEAE on all sides of the upper parts of erect fleshy clubs or dense
branches, plant tender.....Fam.V. CLAVARIACEAE on the outer surface of a ge- WaIMOUS MASS.cc) oe. oe. Fam. VI. TREMELLACEAE Fam. I. AGARICACEAE. Spores white or whitish (in a few cases ney tinted)... 1 Spores rosy, rusty pink, or salmon color.. ena Spores ochraceous or subfe TRUS UMOUS es acl. sich rs kee ee 19 Spores black, dark brown, or purplish-brown............25 Pileus more or less fleshy, putrescent. Sa. 2 Pileus fleshy-tough, or even corky, not putresc ent, reviving WU), TORO NTSC WN eae ae See ane oe Ere ene A 1] Stem fleshy, separating easily from the pileus...... 3
Stem fleshy or fibrous-elastic, confluent with and of the same structure as the pileus............... 4
Stem cartilaginous, confluent with the pileus, lEOL avcitterent structure. (2.2... 00. oka eae
With volva and annulus..................Amanita.
With volva, annulus wanting..............Amanitopsis. Without volva, annulus present... ... . .... Lepiota. Without volva or annulus................ Vane ihe to ee Without volva, with annulus, lamellae at-
HACMeCAtOnthe SLEM. 2... cc ce ee ae ed \rmillaria. Mamoelige:smuate...07. oo... ees Tricholoma. Lamellae decurrent..................0.00- Sir tas, Se Hdge of lamellae acute................... Clitoeybe. Lamellae often branched, edge obtuse. .... Cantharellus. Lamellae adnate, margin of pileus at first
INQUILES 20 ee Collybia. Lamellae sinuate, margin of pileus at first
Simonet wes oh. ho aes ve eMyeene,
Lamellae decurrent, pileus usually umbilicate.Omphalia.
10 ll
19
20
THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Trama vesciculose, substance of pileus rigid-
EMP ch os. ways dah lees GaSe > oe ooo 9
Lamellae with a milky juice............... Lactarius. Lamellae juiceless, plant rigid and brittle. . . Russula. Lamellae waxy when mature.............. Hygrophorus. Stem lateral or WATLING. . nc 04 cursos se Pleurotus. Stem central; plants tough, fleshy or leatheryMarasmius. stem lateral.or wanting, !2. 4252) 5:2 -eto tee eee 12 Lamellae serrate or eroded on the edge... -. Lentinus. Hhamellae entire: <)2222.4.0- 273-2 oo: eee see Panus. Lamellae anastomosing.....:..-..-=--<..: Lenzites. Lamellae split longitudinally, the laminae
TEVOIULG eo. os SL ee ee ee eee Schizophyllum.
SPORES Rosy, ETC. ptem: central... 24.8.:0.00.. ore he ee eee ee 14 Stem lateral, eccentric or none............. Claudopus. Stem fleshy, separating easily from the pileus............ 15 Withitay Olvaes2-o8ck 55 one eet en ee Volvaria. Wathoutea volvacs sees 26 eee oe eee Pluteus. Stem fleshy or fleshy-fibrous, confluent with
HE Piuleus. apes Pes. Ses Slee ee es eee 17 Lamellae adnate or sinuate................ Entoloma. iGumellac decurrent: 0. Gr no oe ei, oe Clitopilus.
Stem cartilaginous: Lamellae slightly attached...........:Leptonia. Lamellae decurrent.................:: Eccilia. SPORES OCHRACEOUS, ETC. phem central 0720)... ce hoe Pee ee ee 20 Diem lateral Ormone.....5-0n ais ed tela ee Crepidotus. Stem fleshy, plant with an arachnoid univer-
Salevells ets dich ices ae eee an oe Cortinarius. Stem fleshy, without an arachnoid veil.................. 21 stem cartilaginous: <2. 2... 2).2s65-.74.6 0c) 24 Lamellae anastomosing................... Paxillus.
Lame‘lae not anastomosing..:............+2.. 9) =a 22 Withsan annulus. 2. 2-0 6s = <2 Pholiota. Without:an-“annulus:2..<-./.. 2. ne 2 23 Lamellae subsinuate, surface of pileus silky
or fibrilloser acs. east be oe ee Inocybe. Lamellae subsinuate, surface of pileus glab-
TOUS, “WASGId me. Brea h tc) os oe ae eee ae Hebeloma. Lamellae adnate or decurrent.............. Flammula. Pileus fleshy, margin inflexed.......:...... Naucoria.
Pileus slightly fleshy, viscid, margin straight.. Pluteolus. Pileus membranaceous, striate, margin SUPAIGN. o.oo. ea i oe ee eee Galera. - SPORES BLACK, ETC.
Spores with a brownish or purplish tint................. 26 Spores black or nearly so.’ :)..:... 20 Se 29
30 dl
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 2]
Vidar sae 040) 0k 27 Without an annulus... .. ER Sse 8%, . 28 Lamellae free. . ie tee > Agaricus, Lamellae adnate........ ....Stropharia. Lamellae sinuate, cortina often fringing the
margin of the pileus, stem fleshy..... .. Hypholoma. Lamellae adnate, stem cartilaginous........ 1 Reo Margin of pileus incurved when young. .. .. . . Psiloeybe. Margin of pileus always straight........ .. Psathyra. Lamellae deliquescent....................Coprinus. Lamellae not deliquescent.. AlN Nl nes Lat ae aad 3 Pileus pen margin not striate, ring want-
latte Bae .......Panaeolus. Pileus as in . Panaeolus, 1 ring , prese nt. ...Anellaria. Pileus membranaceous or pa tly fle shy,
striate or sulcate........ ~ifiien 25 42 bSathyrelia: Pileus fleshy, lamellae decurre nt, subgelatin-
GUS ool de es nee sue st ue.» -Gomphidius.
Fam: IJ. PoOLyYPORACEAE.
Plant fleshy, putrescent, stem central or nearly
3). eos 2 a Cage ee ea 2 Plant coriaceous, horny or woody (fleshy in
some species of Polyporus but becoming dry) 3 Tubes long, easily separable from the pileus
amavirommeach other: ...:........-.65--- Boletus. Tubes less easily separable, pre and stem
squarrose-squamose..... .......strobilomy ces. Tubes with mouths distinct from each other;
stem lateral. One. ze .Fistulina. Tubes in radiating 1 rows, not ¢: sasily se ~pi rable,
stem often eccentric. ae rat ae boletinus:
Tubes in a distinct layer , preforme d, not se p-
arable, not stratose; fleshy or tough but not
woody; stipitate or sessile...............Polyporus. Tubes as in Polyporus but usually stratose:;
pileus woody from the first, usually sessile. . Fomes. Tubes as in Polyporus, not stratose, develop-
ing from the center outward toward the
margin of the cap; coriaceous or mem-
branaceous. . eon. ...Polystictus. Tubes as in Poly porus | or Poly stictus; plant
resupinate, effused, with no true pileus; |
waxy, coriaceous or membranaceous.. .. . . Poria. Tubes extending to unequal depths into the
substance of the pileus, not forming a dis-
tinct stratum; sub-cylindrical, corky, not
stratose, sessile or resupinate........... Trametes. Tubes as in Trametes, but sinuous to laby-
rinthiform; corky, not stratose, sessile... . Daedalea.
22
THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Tubes replaced wholly or in part by con-
centric lamellae; these becoming lacerate
DRAPOLWDOLOIG: 0. ine ch. Seeipee nok anna Cyclomyces. Tubes reduced to shallow, alveolar, more or
less radially arranged shallow pores; pileus
fleshy-tough, subsessile or short-stemmed. . Favolus. Tubes in the form of shallow pores formed by
reticulating folds of the hymenium; re-
supinate, effused, waxy or gelatinous..... Merulius. Tubules distinct, at first as papillae arising
from a mycelial mat, then elongate and
UD UIAE «5 Seis, diem oe ae ee ese eee Porothelium. Tubes cylindric, distinct from each other,
membranaceous, crowded, closed at first. .Solenia.
Fam. II]. HyDNACEAE.
Fleshy or corky, pileate or resupinate; teeth
distinct, awl-shaped or needle-shaped,
DCMU ae er. Vane ee a ne ee Hydnum. Leathery or woody; teeth concrete with the
pileus, regularly arranged but not uniform
NOMS 12) 0: Renee FCPS aA PRE aD REER EP, irpex: Resupinate; with irregular, subcylindrical,
OptusestUbercles met. eser ance ste oe ee Radulum. Resupinate; fleshy, hymenium corrugated in
Crests: LOldS OferiU CCS eer. ee hema Phlebia. Resupinate; subiculum of woven fibers bear-
ing-crested warts or granules............ Odontia.
Fam. IV. THELEPHORACEAE.
Pileus fleshy or membranaceous, often in-
fundibuliform; hymenium ribbed, or some-
piumes TUcUlOSer es eer are. sas oe eee Craterellus. Plants leathery, pileate or resupinate; hy-
menium even or slightly ribbed, not cracked
MET CAI. ea eee ie Acs ye a-cs boc oe ee Thelephora. Plants leathery or woody, pileate, effused-
reflexed or resupinate; hymenium even,
smooth, underlaid by an intermediate fib-
TOUS SOP AGUMG perc ucts teen he Onset care gee Stereum. Like Stereum, but hymenium velvety from smooth, colored bristles.....4.../......5.. Hymenochaete.
Pileus resupinate, or with the margin reflexed;
hymenium waxy, with no intermediate
layer, often cracked when dry....... -....Corticium. Plants resupinate, leathery or somewhat
fleshy; hymenium velvety with exserted,
hyaline, cellular processes............... Peniophora. Plants resupinate, membranaceous; hymen-
ium fleshy, pulverulent with colored spores.Coniophora. Plants floccose-collapsing or like a mould and
resupinate; basidia on long lax hyphae... . Hypochnus.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY
bo ve
Fam. V. CLAVARIACEAE. Plants fleshy, branched or simple; branches
typically terete, not splitting............ Clavaria. Plants cartilaginous-gelatinous, horny when dry, simple or branched... ....../........ Calocera.
Fam. VI. TREMELLACEAE. Plants spathulate or club-shaped, cartilagin-
OMS SSCMAUIMOUS ae eee ae op teudeg vines ep Guepinia. Plants cupular, truncate or effused, often [DENSON aie Ce men kn a Exidia. Plants pulvinate or effused-cerebriform or iTANESCTAN ey HILO 1a 001 eae a ee a at Tremella. AMANITA.
Plants with a volva and annulus; hymenophore distinct from the fleshy stem; lamellae free, adnexed, with a decurrent tooth, or slightly striate-decurrent. All growing on the ground. Spores white.
Kkey To Cuicaco SPECIEs. Plant not changing color where wounded.................... | Plant changing color where wounded.....................-. 6 1. Volva splitting irregularly, border free. .A. phalloides. 2. Volva circumscissile, breaking up into
Beales OE TINTS cy <4 3. a SA aos nie he ea aoe eee a 3. Spores ellipsoidal, pileus 5 to 10 em. | SUROEN | okey hee Goa hs nea rhe Aa Pn ten 1. muscaria. Spores globose, pileus 2.5 to 5 em. broad.A. Frostiana. 4. Volva circumscissile, border nearly entire............. 5 5. Base of stem not bulbous..............2 1. pantherina. Base of stem abruptly bulbous. ......... 1. abrupta.
6. Volva wholly friable, often disappearing..A. rubescens. Amanita phalloides Fr.
Pileus fleshy, ovate-campanulate then expanded, obtuse, covered with a pellicle which is viscid in wet weather, naked or with a few fragments of the volva upon its surface, margin even.
Lamellae free, ventricose, white.
Stem bulbous, stuffed then somewhat hollow, smooth, white or pallid; ring superior, reflexed, white; volva splitting irregularly at the apex, the border lax. Spores globose, 7 to 9 p.
Pileus 7.5 to 10 em. broad, color white, grayish, olive or umber; - stem 7.5 to 12.5 em. high,.1 cm. or more thick.
Solitary. In woods throughout our district. Frequent from July to September. Very poisonous. Several cases of fatal poisoning have occurred near Chicago through mistaking it for some edible species. Popularly known as the “ Deadly Amanita.”’ (For a good account of the nature and treatment of Amanita poisoning, see Carter, in McIlvane, Am. Fung. Ed. 2, p. 621. For excellent figures of this and related species, see Atkinson, Studies of American Fungi, p. 52.
24 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Late in the season a form occurs with the pileus whitish, be- coming fuliginous toward the center of the disk. The variety with the pileus wholly white and volva closely sheathing the base of the stem (A. verna Bul!.) also occurs.
Amanita muscaria L.
Pileus at first red, then orange-tawny or yellowish, becoming pale when old, globose then convex, at length expanded, sprinkled with thick, angular fragments of the volva, margin slightly striate; flesh white.
Lamellae reaching the stem and decurrent in lines upon it, crowded, broader in front, white.
Stem shining white, firm, torn into scales, stuffed then hollow, bulbous at the base which is marginate with concentric scales or interrupted rings formed by the splitting volva. Ring soft, torn, inserted at the apex of the stem. Spores broadly elliptical, 7.5 to 10 p. long.
Pileus up to 10 cm. broad; stem 8 to 15 em. high, 1 to 1.5 em. thick.
Woods, throughout. Often with A. phalloides, and like it very poisonous. Popularly known as the “ Fly Agaric” from the fact that it will kill flies that feed upon it, a property which we have verified by experiment.
Amanita Frostiana Pk.
Pileus convex or expanded, bright orange or yellow, warty, sometimes nearly or quite smooth, striate on the margin.
Lamellae free, white or slightly tinged with yellow.
Stem white or yellow, stuffed, bearing a slight, sometimes evanescent annulus, bulbous at the base, the bulb. slightly mar- gined by the volva. Spores globose, 7.5 to 10 p.
Pileus 2.5 to 5 em. broad; stem 5 to 7.5 cm. long, about + mm. thick.
In woods, Winfield, Lisle_and Glencoe. July. Not easily distinguished from small forms of A. muscaria. Separated from the latter species by Prof. Peck, on account of the globose spores and smaller size. =
Amanita pantherina DC.
Pileus commonly olivaceous-umber when young, fleshy, con- vex then flattened or somewhat depressed, with a viscous pellicle which is at first thick and olivaceous-fuscous then thinned out, almost disappearing and livid, the disk only becoming fuscous, margin striate, the fragments of the volva divided into small, equal, white, regularly arranged, moderately persistent warts; flesh white.
Lamellae free, reaching the stem, broader in front, shining white. Ring more or less distant, adhering obliquely, white, rarely superior.
Stem at first stuffed then hollow with spider-web fibrils within,
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY PAS
equal or attenuated upwards, slightly firm, greaved at the base by the separable volva which has an entire or obtuse margin,
Pileus 10 em. broad; stem 7.5 to 10 em. high, 1 to 1.5 em thick.
Ground in woods, Glen Ellyn. August. Spores in our plant broadly elliptical, 8 to 9 x 5 to 6 pn.
Amanita abrupta Pk.
Pileus thin, broadly convex or nearly plane, covered with small angular or pyramidal, erect, somewhat evanescent warts, white, slightly striate on the margin; flesh white.
Lamellae moderately close, reaching the stem and sometimes terminating in slightly decurrent lines upon it, white.
Stem slender, glabrous, solid, bulbous, white, the bulb abrupt, subglobose, often coated below by the white persistent mycelium; the ring membranous, ‘persistent. Spores broadly elliptical o1 subglobose, 8 to 10 x 6 to 8 p.
Pileus 5 to 10 cm. broad; stem 6 to 10 em. long, 6 to 8 mm. thick.
Woods, Winfield. August. The small, pyramidal warts are more numerous toward the center of the pileus. The volva wholly disappears. The globose bulb in our specimens is 2.5 em. or more in diameter.
Amanita rubescens ['r.
Pileus warty, even, but slightly striate on the margin, more or less tinged with dingy-red or brownish-red.
- Lamellae white or whitish, narrowed behind.
Stem equal or slightly tapering upwards, squamulose, stuffed or hollow, thickened or bulbous at the base, slightly striate at the top, annulate, whitish or pallid; flesh becoming reddish when wounded.
Spores elliptical, 7.5 to 9 x 5 to 6 w. Pileus 7.5 to 10 em. broad; stem 10 to 15 cm. high, 8 to 12 mm. thick. The volva is wholly friable, and often disappears from the base of the stem or bulb.
Woods, throughout, but not common. Gregarious, occasion- ally somewhat caespitose. Sometimes very large. Plants were found in woods at Glen Ellyn and Winfield, in 1902, with the pileus measuring 17 cm. or more in width, and with the stem 3 em. thick. One specimen had the lamellae abortive and stem torn into large scales. Another consisted only of a somewhat flattened, obconic stem, 15 cm. long, 20 cm. in circumference, the pileus reduced to a mere border and gills wholly wanting.
AMANITOPSIS.
Plants with a volva but no annulus; hymenophore distinct from the fleshy stem; lamellae free or adnexed. All growing on the ground. Spores white.
26 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Key TO SPECIES.
Margin of pileus even, lamellae adnate..... .+ 4. adnata. Margin of pileus deeply sulcate, lamellae free. . A. vaginata.
Amanitopsis adnata Smith.
Pileus pale buff-yellow, fleshy, very firm, almost rigid, some- what moist, convex then expanded, buff beneath the cuticle, margin extending beyond the lamellae.
Lamellae adnate, crowded, white.
Stem stuffed then hollow, pale buff, fibrillose; volva lax, adnate or almost obsolete, white, pubescent, remaining in wooly patches on the pileus.
Spores 10x 8p. Pileus 6 to 7.5 em. broad; stem 5 to 10 em. high, 1.5 em. thick.
Wooded sand dunes at the head of Lake Michigan, Millers, Ind. June.
Amanitopsis vaginata Bull.
Pileus thin, slightly fleshy, campanulate then flattened, obtuse and even, smooth or with a few fragments of the volva adhering, margin wholly membranaceous and deeply sulcate-striate.
Lamellae free, ventricose, not much crowded, shining white or becoming pale.
Stem hollow with spider-web fibrils within, attenuated equally from the base; volva wholly free, sheathing, lax, fragile. Color variable, white, livid, mouse-gray or tawny-yellow.
Spores sphaeroid or subsphaeroid, 8 to 10 ». Pileus 5 to 12.5 em. broad; stem 15 to 20 em. high, 5 to 2 em. thick.
In woods, throughout. July to September. Usually solitary. Edible, but not especially recommended on account of the thin- ness of the flesh.
LEPIOTA.
Plants with an annulus but no volva; hymenophore distinct from the fleshy stem; lamellae free, often remote; annulus often moveable; pileus usually scaly. Growing on the ground. Spores white (greenish in L. Morgani).
Margin of pileus evenso! oi. Mon. fe ee oe 1 Margin of pileus more or less striate. .:.........-....:.+ see ti 1, Ring movable on the stem............... 02.4.5 +00 eee 2 RING LXER Te ee is sie eye oe capes oe oe 3 2. “amiellae whitish: ).15. 2 a2s.:02 os see L. procera. 2. Lamellae greenish...............:.. L. Morgani. 3. Pileus beset with erect scales............. 2.1.0.0 + 4. Pileus ferruginous-fuscous........... L. Friesu. 4. Pileus whitish or yellowish.......... L. acutesquamosa. 3. Pileus with fibrillose or floccose appressed scales.......... 5) 5. Scales soon disappearing near the margin S110)» 2 As one ee eee L. cristata.
5. Scales everywhere persistent.........L. rubrotincta.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 27
3. Pileus with furfuraceous or granular seales.........__. 6 Gwerileus white, dry.........2..:0«c0 L. naucina. G: ileus white, viscid..........-....... L. illinita, 6. ileus reddish-brown...............L. granulosa. 7. Pileus pallid or brown, scales brown- FSD 3 os i a en L. metulaespora 7. Pileus white, scales reddish-brown... .L. americana.
7. Pileus white, scales white, floecose. . .L. caepestipes. Lepiota procera Scop.—(Plate I.)
Pileus at first ovate, then broadly convex or expanded, st rongly umbonate, scaly or spotted from the breaking up of the cuticle, whitish, alutaceous or brownish, the deflexed margin generally silky-fibrillose; flesh soft, white.
Lamellae close, free or remote, whitish, sometimes tinged with yellow or pink.
Stem tall, cylindrical or slightly tapering upwards, bulbous, hollow, squamose or furfuraceous, colored like the pileus, some- times spotted; annulus thick, firm, movable, white.
Spores large, ellipsoid, 14 to 17.5 x 9 to 11 p. Pileus 7 to 15 cm. broad; stem 12 to 25 em. long, 8 to 12 mm. thick.
Open woods throughout our district. Infrequent and scat- tered. A plant collected by Mr. C. S. Raddin in Niles woods, 1898, was 2.5 dm. high, with pileus 13 cm. in diameter.
Lepiota Morgani Pk.
Pileus fleshy, soft, at first subglobose then expanded or even, depressed, white, the brownish or alutaceous cuticle breaking up into scales except upon the disk.
Lamellae close, lanceolate, remote, white then green.
Stem firm, equal or tapering upwards, subbulbous, smooth, webby-stuffed, whitish tinged with brown; annulus rather large, movable; flesh of both pileus and stem white, changing to reddish then yellowish when cut or bruised.
Spores ovate or subellipsoid, mostly uninucleate, 10 to 12 x 7.5 to8 mw. Pileus 12 to 22 cm. broad; stem 15 to 20 em. high, 12 to 25 mm. thick.
Open grassy places and in gardens; usually infrequent but occasionally locally abundant. In October, 1898, several hundred plants were found in a pasture a mile west of Wheaton. The ground was low, formerly a pond, but reclaimed by draining two years previously. The usual diameter of these plants was from 10 to 15 cm. In a number of instances they grew in crescentic lines or incomplete rings. Very large specimens with pilei mea- suring 22 to 28 x 30 to 35 cm. in diameter have been found in shaded places in gardens in Wheaton. The pileus in these is usually elliptic in outline. iat
Although eaten with safety by some persons, this species is poisonous to others, causing vomiting and purging. On this ac- count, and for the reason that it is not particularly appetizing, it is well to avoid it altogether as an article of diet. (For an account
28 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
of the poisonous properties of the species, see Asa Gray Butletin, 1900, p. 87.)
Lepiota Friesii Lasch.—(Plate II, Fig. 1.)
Pileus ferruginous-fuscous, fleshy, torn into appressed, to- mentose scales.
Lamellae somewhat remote, linear, very crowded, branched.
Stem hollow with a webby- pith, somewhat bulbous, scaly ; annulus superior, pendulous.
Pileus 2.5 to 10 em. broad; stem 5 to 12 em. high, 4 to 10 mm. thick.
Woods, Glencoe. Also grassy places in parks. Spores oblong, blunt at both ends, 6to7x3to4duz.
Lepiota acutesquamosa Weinm.
Piléus fleshy, obtuse, at first hairy-floccose, then echinate with erect acute squarrose scales, white or yellowish.
Lamellae approximate, lanceolate, simple. ;
Stem somewhat stuffed, stout, bulbous, pruinose above the moderate sized annulus.
Spores oblong, 7.5x3to4p. Pileus 2.5 to 10 em. broad; stem 5 to 12 em. high, 4 to 10 mm. thick.
Ground in thickets, River Forest. July. Plants about 3.5 em. broad; stems 6.5 cm. long. The erect scales are blackish; the stem scarcely bulbous.
Lepiota cristata A. & S.
Pileus slightly fleshy, campanulate, obtuse, cuticle at first contiguous, then seceding in subgranulose scales.
Lamellae free, at length remote, white.
Stem slender, equal, hollow, silky-fibrillose; the annulus se- ceding.
The surface of the pileus at first is even, reddish or reddish- brown, then white adorned with reddish or reddish-brown scales formed by the breaking up of the cutiele, the disk colored like the scales.
Spores oblong or narrowly subellipsoid, 5 to 7 x 3 to 4 pn. Pileus 1.5 to 4 em. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 cm. high, 2 to 4 mm. thick.
Ground under trees in woods, usually among dead leaves. July to September. Odor offensive. The conspicuous white mycelium often extends a distance of 5 to 8 em. from the base of the stem, but is not compacted about the base of the plant.
Lepiota rubrotincta Pk.
Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, sometimes slightly and broadly umbonate, at first even with a reddish or pinkish surface, a little darker and sometimes slightly rough on the disk, then adorned with appressed scales formed by the breaking up of the cuticle.
Lamellae close, free, white or whitish.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 29
Stem hollow, equal or slightly thickened at the base, smooth or slightly silky ‘fibrillose below the annulus, whitish: the annulu well developed, membranous, white or pinkish, persistent.
Spores subellipsoid, uninucleate, 9tollx5to6y. Pileu 2.5 to 6 cm. broad; stem 4 to 9 em. long, 4 to 6 mm. thick.
Woods near Chicago. Harper. Lepiota illinita Fr
Pileus slightly fleshy, ovate then campanulate or expanded subumbonate, viscid, smooth, white.
Lamellae close, free, shining white.
Stem equal or slightly tapering upward, stuffed then hollow viscid, white.
Spores ellipsoid, 5x 4. Pileus 2.5 to 6 em. broad; stem 5 to 7.5 cm. long.
Under trees in woods. When young, the whole plant is pure white. Sometimes the disk becomes pallid or fuscous with age Lepiota naucina Fr
Pileus globose then expanded and almost plane, somewhat umbonate and smooth in the center, white; cuticle thin, glabrous or breaking up into evanescent granules; flesh thick, soft.
Lamellae approximate, free, white.
Stem somewhat hollow, enlarged at the base; ring superior, thin, delicate, persistent.
Spores subglobose, 6 to 7 u. in diameter (Massee); obovate, white, with an “oily, straw-colored nucleus, 8 to9 x 6. (Bres.)
Plant sometimes a delicate tan, the gills assuming a dirty pinkish hue. Edible. Taste mild and pleasant.
Lawns, grassy places in streets, roadsides and waste grounds. June to September. Often lo sally abundant in the parks after rains. Pileus 4 to 9 em. broad, stem 5 to 10 em. high, 6 to 10 mm. in diameter. The pileus has the texture and color of slightly soiled white kid-leather. Professor Peck in Rep. N. Y. Mus. 35: 160, describes the American counterpart of this species as Lepiota naucinoides, and in Rep. 54: 162, he states that ‘‘ by dis- regarding the spore characters our plant has sometimes been re- ferred to LZ. naucinus and sometimes to Agaricus cretaceus Fr.” The spores of L. naucinoides are described as “subelliptical, uni- nucleate, 7.5 to 10 x 5 to 7.5 w.”’ ‘Those of our plants vary from elliptical (7 to 8 x 4 to 5 pw.) to subglobose (5 to 7 w.). It does not appear therefore that a distinction based upon the shape of the spores is applicable to them. There is an excellent figure of the species in Bres. Funghi Mang. e Vel., Tav. XV. See also Morgan, Journ. Myc. 13: 10, where the plant is given as L. naucinoides.
Lepiota granulosa Batsch.
Pileus ferruginous or reddish-brown, convex then flattened, obtusely umbonate, furfuraceous, granular; flesh white or tinged with red.
Lamellae close, rounded behind, slightly adnexed, white.
’
’
30 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Stem somewhat equal, stuffed or hollow, white above the an- nulus, adorned like the pileus below it; annulus slight, evanescent.
Spores elliptical, 4to5x3to4p. Pileus 2.5 to 6 cm. broad; stem 2.5 to 6 em. long, 2 to 6 mm. thick.
Woods, frequent. August, September. The stem in our speci- mens is often grayish-flesh-color, contrasting sharply with the white, slightly adnexed lamellae.
Lepiota metulaespora B. & Br. .
Pileus thin, campanulate or convex, subumbonate, at first with a uniform pallid or brownish surface, which soon breaks up into small brownish scales, the margin more or less striate, often appendiculate with fragments of the veil.
Lamellae pure white, close, free.
Stem slender, equal or slightly tapering upward, hollow, adorned with soft floecose scales or filaments, pallid; annulus slight, evanescent.
Pileus 1.5 to 4 cm. broad; stem 5 to 9 em. high,’2 to 4 mm. thick.
Ground in woods, Glen Ellyn. August, September. Spores fusiform, often pointed at one or both ends, 10 to 12 x 4 wp.
Lepiota americana Pk.
Pileus rather fleshy, at first ovate then convex or expanded, umbonate, more or less striate on the margin, the cuticle breaking up, except on the umbo, into reddish or reddish-brown appressed scales, white; flesh white.
Lamellae rather broad, close, free, white, narrower toward the stem and there sometimes anastomosing.
Stem tapering upward, enlarged at or a little above the base, hollow, white; annulus rather large, but thin and flabby, some- times separating from its attachment to the stem, occasionally evanescent.
Spores subelliptical, uninucleate, 7.5 to 10x 5to7.5 w. Pileus 4 to 10 cm. broad; stem 7.5 to 12 cm. high, 4 to 10 mm. thick.
In grassy places near, Chicago. Sometimes cespitose. Harper.
Lepiota caepestipes Sow.
Pileus campanulate or convex, even, save the margin which is usually striate or suleate, pure white or very slightly brownish only at the disk, covered with large, loose, floecose white scales which are easily rubbed off.
Lamellae free, pure white, rather broad; flesh thin, white.
Stem thickened at the base, tapering upwards, slightly en- larged at the insertion in the pileus, white-farinose but with a slight yellowish tint when the mealiness is rubbed off.
_ Spores subelliptical,6 x 8p. Often cespitose. Pileus 2.5 to 5 cm. broad; stem 5 to 10 em. high, 4 to 6 mm. thick.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 31
Lawns near Chicago, Harper. Lawns, Ravenswood; Septem-
ber. Characterized by its dense white mealiness, bulbous stem and strong odor. Pepoon. ARMILLARIA.
Hymenophore continuous with the stem; annulus present, but sometimes only indicated by the scales which clothe the stem terminating in the form of a ring; pileus usually smooth (often somewhat sealy i in our single species A. mellea). All growing on the ground. Spores white.
Armillaria mellea Vahl.
Pileus fleshy, rather thin except upon the disk, at first hemi- spherical or subconical, then convex or nearly plane, adorned with numerous hairy squamules, mostly striate on the margin, pale yellowish, dingy-yellowish, honey-color or reddish-brown; flesh whitish, taste unpleasant.
Lamellae subdistant, adnate or decurrent, whitish or pallid, often with rufescent spots when old.
Stem equal or slightly thickened at the base, stuffed or hollow when old, sometimes floccose-squamose, externally fibrous, pallid or brownish.
Spores 7.5 to 10x 5to6 4. Pileus 2.5 to 15 cm. broad; stem 2.5 to 15 em. long, 6 to 20 mm. thick.
Common in autumn, about the base of stumps; sometimes in large masses. The young plants occasionally have the pileus thickly beset with erect scales. These disappear with age. The species is industriously collected for food by Poles and Bohemians about Chicago. The flavor of the cooked plant is strong and unpleasant to American mushroom-eaters.
Var. radicata Pk.
Base of stump, Winfield. August, 1898. Specimens with the
spindle-shaped radicating portion of the stem 5 to 9 em. long TRICHOLOMA.
Hymenophore continuous with the fleshy stem; veil obso or only consisting of flocci which adhere to the margin of the pileus; lamellae sinuate behind; pileus often bright colored. All growing on the ground. Spores white. ileus viscid when moist. ..............-..0 068: T. Russula. Pileus not viscid when moist..................- ee
1. Cuticle of the pileus torn into downy or fibrillose scales... 2
Cuticle of the pileus even, smooth.................
]
tf , iete
2. Pileus shining-white, stem smooth........ T’. columbe tla. Pileus cinereous-fuscous, stem fibrillose .... 7’. terreum. Pileus brown or reddish-brown, stem fibril-
LOSE. 2. S222 see T’.. imbricatum Pileus ochraceous or tawny, stem tomentose- MI AMUNO SGM? occ 2, - 36 a) wave eRe eee T. decorosum. eee Pileus white............ Pe et eee T. album.
ileus violaceous or livid.....:.........- T.. personatum
32 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Tricholoma Russula Schaef.
Pileus fleshy, convex, becoming plane or centrally depressed, viscid, even or dotted with granular squamules on the disk, rosy- red; flesh white, taste mild.
Lamellae subdecurrent, white.
Stem solid, firm, rosy, apex squamulose.
Pileus 7 to 12 em. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 cm. long, 12 to 16 mm. thick. :
Near Warrenville, October. The interior of the stem is wholly fibrous, the fibers at the apex being diffused into the flesh of the pileus.
Tricholoma columbetta Fr.
Wholly shining white. Pileus fleshy, firm, convex, obtuse, flexuous, dry, at first smooth, then silky-fibrillose and becoming even or squamulose, the margin, which is inflexed when young, tomentose.
Lamellae somewhat emarginate, almost free, linear, persistent- ly shining white.
Stem short or long, solid, wholly fleshy and compact, com- monly unequal.
Pileus 5 to 10 cm. broad; stem 7.5 to 10 cm. long, up to 2.5 em. thick.
On the ground among dead leaves. Winfield and Glen Ellyn. October. Stems occasionally up to 15 cm. long, very irregular. Spores variable in size, ellipsoid, 6 to 8.x 3 to 5 p.
Tricholoma terreum Schaeff.
Pileus fleshy, thin, soft, convex, campanulate or nearly plane, obtuse or umbonate, innately fibrillose or floccose-squamose, cinereous-fuscous, grayish-brown or mouse-color; flesh white or whitish. :
Lamellae adnexed, subdistant, more or less eroded on the edge, white becoming cinereous.
Stem equal, varying from solid to stuffed or hollow, fibrillose, white or whitish.
Spores broadly elliptical, 6 to 7x 4 to 5p. Pileus 2.5 to 7.5 cm. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 em. long, 4 to 8 mm. thick. September to November. ;
Rotten stump, Naperville, May. Pepoon. : Tricholoma imbricatum ['r.,
Pileus fleshy, compact, convex or nearly plane, obtuse, dry, innately squamulose, fibrillose toward the margin, brown or reddish-brown, the margin thin, at first slightly inflexed and pubescent then naked; flesh firm, white.
Lamellae slightly emarginate, almost adnate, rather close, white when young, becoming reddish or spotted.
Stem solid, firm, nearly equal, fibrillose, white and mealy or pulverulent at the top, elsewhere colored like the pileus.
Spores 6x 4 to 5p. Pileus 5 to 10 cm. broad; stem 5 to 7.é em. long, 8 to 16 mm. thick.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 30
Woods, Millers, Ind., October, 1902. A. S. Bertolet. My Bertolet notes that the farinaceous odor and taste attributed the species, are not noticeable in the plants collected by him Tricholoma decorosum Pk.
Pileus firm, hemispherical then convex or nearly plan adorned with numerous brownish subsquarrose tomentose seale dull ochraceous or tawny; flesh white.
Lamellae close, rounded and slightly emarginate behind, thi edge subcrenulate. :
Stem solid, equal or slightly tapering upward, white and smooth at the top, elsewhere tomentose-squamulose, colored like
the pileus.
Spores broadly elliptical, 5x 4. Pileus 2.5 to 5 em. broad; stem 5 to 10 cm. long, 4 to 8 mm. thick. Decaying trunks of trees.
Woods, Glencoe. October, 1902. Harper and Bertolet. Tricholoma album Schaeft.
Pileus fleshy, tough, convex, becoming plane or depressed, obtuse, very dry, even, glabrous, white, sometimes yellowish on the disk, rarely wholly yellowish, the margin at first involute;
flesh white, taste acrid or bitter.
Lamellae emarginate, somewhat crowded, distinct, white
Stem solid, elastic, equal or tapering upwards, externally fibrous, obsoletely pruinose at the apex, white.
Spores ellipsoid, 5 to 6 w. long.
Pine barrens at the head of Lake Michigan, Calumet Heights, Ind. August, 1899. Pileus 5 to 10 cm. broad; stem 5 to 10 cm. long, 8 to 12 mm. thick. Also collected in woods at Winfield. Pileus uneven in outline, margin sometimes irregularly waved in large specimens.
Tricholoma personatum I'r.
Pileus compact, becoming soft, thick, convex or plane, obtuse, regular, moist, glabrous, variable in color, generally pallid or cinereous tinged with violet or lilac, the margin at first involute and villose-pruinose; flesh whitish.
Lamellae broad, crowded, rounded behind, free, violaccous becoming sordid-whitish or fuscous.
Stem generally thick, subbulbous, solid, fibrillose or villose- pruinose, whitish or colored like the pileus.
Spores sordid white, subellipsoid, 7.5 to 9 x 4 to 5 #. Pileus 5 to 12.5 cm. broad; stem 2.5 to 7.5 em. long, 12 to 25 mm. thick.
On the ground in woods, Glencoe. October. The stem in our plant can scarcely be called “subbulbous.”” It is enlarged downward into a broad truncate base. The spores are creamy- white, 6to 7x3 to4 uz.
Among dead leaves in woods. Glen Ellyn. September. These plants are unicolorous, varying from a beautiful heliotrope to whitish-livid.
Prof. Peck suggests (Rep. N. Y. Mus. 54: 165), that this species is probably identical with his Entoloma graveolens.
34 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
CLITOCYBE.
Universal veil, when present, conspicuous on the pileus like frost or silky dew, but commonly obsolete; stem with a spongy stuffing, apt to become hollow, somewhat elastic; margin of the pileus involute; hymenophore continuous, owing to the apex of the stem being dilated; lamellae acute at the edges, attenuated behind, adnate or decurrent.
Growing on the ground, fleshy but comparatively tough. Spores white.
Plant not hygrophanous. .25.. 2... -.- 9... ee 1 Plant hysrophanouss 2): 224-22 ae Se. 6 1. Puileus disk-shaped, resular. 2-22... 22242) see ee 2 2. Pileus white, shining when dry...... C’. cerussaia. 2. Pileus whitish or pale-tan...........C. piceina. 2. Pileus pale-yellowish with a reddish TINGE 7 tes ee eee C. socialis. 2. Pileus with a greenish tinge, fragrant.C. odora. 3: Pileus mregularly shaped... :. 2.2... ...: 2.3.2.5. eee 4 4. Pileus whitish, grayish or yellowish- stay, stem whitish............:..C. multiceps. 4. Whole plant orange-yellow..........C. illudens. 4. Whole plant opaque-whitish.........C. monstrosa. 5. Pileus at length funnel-shaped..........C. infundibuliformis.
6. Whole plant reddish-flesh-color when WMOISt 2: uated ere ee eee a C. laccata. 6. Whole plant dark-purple when moist.C. amethystina. 6. Pileus pale-alutaceous, lamellae purple: 2c. ees oe eee C’. ochropurpurea. Clitocybe cerussata Fr.
Pileus fleshy, convex, then nearly plane, obtuse, even, minutely floccose then almost glabrous, white.
Lamellaeadnate, then decurrent, very crowded, thin, white..
Stem smooth, tough, elastic, spongy, solid, white.
Among dead leaves in woods, Glen Ellyn, October. Wholly shining white. Spores sphaeroid, 4 to 5 p.
Clitocybe piceina Peck, Bull. Torr. Cl. 31; 178. (Plate II, Fig. 2)
Pileus fleshy, firm, convex or nearly plane, dry, white or whitish tinged with gray when young; flesh compact, white, taste pungent, odor strong, disagreeable.
Lamella2 close, decurrent, or sometimes strongly decurrent in lines running down the stem, creamy-white.
Stem equal or nearly so, firm, stout, solid, subfibrous, com- monly striate at the top, with raised longitudinal lines. Spores globose, 5 to 6 p.
Pileus 6 to 10 cm. broad; stem 5 to 7 em. long, 12 to 18 mm. thick.
__ In the dried specimens the pileus sometimes assumes a yellow- ish tint. The species is closely allied to C. cerussata and C. albissima. From the former it may be separated by its larger.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 35
. globose spores and from the latter by its whitish color being less clear and persistent. From both it differs in the more strongly decurrent lamellae, pungent taste and disagreeable odor, .
Under a cultivated spruce tree at Wilmette. September and October, 1900 to 1904. Described by Prof. Peck, from specimens collected by Dr. L. H. Watson.
Clitocybe socialis Ir.
Pileus pale yellowish with a reddish tinge, fleshy, convex, then expanded, acutely umbonate especially when young, even, smooth, dry; flesh moderately thin, white.
Lamellae plano-decurrent, scarcely crowded, becoming yellow.
Stem solid, fibrous, commonly ascending, smooth, reddish, the rooting base hairy.
Pileus 2.5 cm. broad; stem 2.5cm. long, 4 mm. or a little more thick.
Gregarious among dead leaves, wooded hillside, Glen Ellyn, September. The stems of our plant are frequently 3.5 to 6.5 em. long. Remarkable for the very acute umbo of the pileus. Spores, globose, echinulate, 9 to 10 p.
Clitocybe odora Bull.
Pileus greenish, fleshy, convex then flattened, obtuse or ob- soletely umbonate, regular or repand, even, smooth, margin pubescent; flesh rather thin, dingy-white.
Lamellae adnate-decurrent, slightly distant, broad, entire, commonly paler than the pileus.
Stem stuffed, equal or enlarged downward and somewhat bulbous, at first floecose-fibrillose, soon naked, commonly white- villous at the base. Tough; with the odor of anise.
Spores ellipsoid-sphacroid,6x 5p. Pileus, 9 em. broad; stem 5 cm. or more long, 6 to 8 mm. thick.
Grassy places in woods; often growing on dead leaves and twigs. August to October. Spores subglobose, 6 to 7 x 4 to 5 pm. The beautiful greenish color of the pileus becomes paler as the plants mature. The characteristic odor persists for several years in herbarium specimens. The species is edible.
Clitocybe multiceps Pk.
Pileus fleshy, thin except on the disk, firm, convex, slightly moist in wet weather, whitish, grayish or yellowish-gray; flesh, white; taste mild.
Lamellae close, adnate or slightly decurrent, whitish.
Stems densely caespitose, equal or slightly thickened at the base, solid or stuffed, firm, slightly pruinose at the apex, whitish.
Pileus 2.5 to 7.5 cm. broad; stem, 5 to 10 cm. long, 6 to 12 mm. thick; spores globose, 5 to 7.5 pu.
Bank among dead leaves, open woods and railroad station grounds, Glen Ellyn, November.
Pileus silky-shining, grayish-cervine when dry; stems de- formed by mutual pressure.
36 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Clitocybe illudens Schw. (Plate III, Fig. 1.) ;
Pileus fleshy, convex or expanded, smooth, generally with a small umbo, often irregular, bright golden or saffron yellow.
Lamellae not crowded, unequally decurrent, some of them branched, narrowed toward each end, concolorous with the pileus.
Stem firm, solid, long, smooth, tapering at the base, colored like the pileus.
Spores globose,4to 5p. Pileus 10 to 15 em. broad; stem 12 to 20 cm. long, 8 to 16 mm. thick.
At the base of stumps. July to October. Frequent; often growing in large clumps, conspicuous on account of the bright color. Said to cause sickness, nausea and vomiting when eaten, but is not dangerously poisonous. (For an account of the poisonous properties see Rhodora, 1889, pp. 48 and 186.)
Clitocybe monstrosa Sow.
Pileus fleshy, at first convex and umbonate, at length waved and lobed, opaque as if whitewashed, margin inflexed.
Lamellae moderately distant, scarcely rounded behind, but not truly decurrent, white or cream-colored.
Stem compressed, solid, streaked, opaque, white, tomentose- squamulose above, slightly rooting. Often densely cespitose.
On mushroom beds in a greenhouse, Chicago, April. Speci- mens were brought to Dr. Watson by a gardener, who found the plant growing as a “weed” in his greenhouses. They were identified by Prof. Harper. The spawn used in the beds was im- ported from England.
Clitocybe infundibuliformis Schaef.
Pileus at first convex and umbonate, becoming infundibuli- form, dry, flaccid, reddish or pale tan-color, fading with age.
Lamellae decurrent, white.
Stem generally tapering upward from the base, colored like or paler than the pileus.
Spores somewhat elilptical, white, 5 to 6 ». long. Pileus 5 to 7.5 em. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 em. long, 6 to 12 mm. thick.
On the ground, also on dead sticks, twigs and leaves in woods. August to October. Specimens collected at Highland Park after a heavy rain, had the pileus white, changing to creamy-white as the moisture disappeared. Pileus undulate in luxuriant plants, sometimes lobed. The spores are often pip-shaped. ;
Clitocybe laccata Scop.
Pileus thin, fleshy, convex, sometimes expanded, even or shghtly umbilicate, smooth or minutely tomentose-scaly, hygro- phanous, when moist dull reddish-yellow or reddish flesh-colored, sometimes striatulate, when dry pallid or pale dull ochraceous.
Lamellae broad, rather thick and distant, attached, not de- current, flesh-colored. ;
Stem slender, firm, fibrous, stuffed, equal, concolorous with the pileus.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY
Spores globose, rough, 7.5 to 10 ». Pileus 12 mm. to 5 em. broad; stem 2.5 to 15 em. long.
Common in woods throughout our district. Very luxuriant during the rainy season of 1902. Specimens were often found measuring up to 8 cm. in diameter. Depauperate plants are found in moist places; these having the pileus only 4 to 6 mm. broad. These appear at first sight to be a different species, but connect with the ordinary form by insensible gradations. The minute plants are usually densely gregarious.
Clitocybe amethystina Bolt.
Pileus dark-purple, umbilicate, smooth, minutely tomentose, involute.
Lamellae dark-purple, broad, decurrent.
Stem fibrillose, purple, streaked with white fibrils, equal, densely covered with white tomentum at the base.
Pileus 2.5 to 3.5 em. broad; stem, 5 to 7.5 em. long.
Ground in woods, Riverside. Harper. Glencoe. Spores not distinguishable from those of C’. laccata, of which it is considered a variety, although the distinctive amethystine color appears con- stant, both in the fresh and dried plants.
Clitocybe ochropurpurea B. & C. (Plate III, Fig. 2).
Pileus subhemispheric, at length depressed, fleshy, compact, tough, pale alutaceous, slightly turning to purplish, the cuticle ‘easily separable, the margin inflexed, at first tomentose.
Lamellae thick, purple, broader behind, decurrent.
Stem paler than the pileus, here and there purplish, tumid in the middle.
Pileus 2 cm. broad; stem 6 cm. long, 18 mm. thick in the middle.
Dry woods, Winfield and Lombard, summer and autumn, 1S9S and 1902. The species was common. During 1899, 1900 and 1901 no plants were found, although careful search was made at both stations.
Well grown specimens have a symmetrically-shaped pileus 7 to 10, sometimes as much as 15 em. in diameter. When old, the margin is occasionally rimose, and the whole surface of the pileus broken up into large scales. The cap is often covered with the abundant spores shed from adjacent or overlying plants. Dis- torted specimens are common; sometimes with a fusiform stem 2.5 to 3.5 em. in diameter in the middle, and t: ape ring toward the apex and base, and with a pileus not more than 2.5 em. across; at other times with a tall, cylindrical stem, or with a club-shaped stem broadening out at the apex into a pileus which is scarcely more than a border, indistinctly differentiated into gills upon its under surface; while still others have the stem curiously curved or twisted.
38 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
COLLYBIA.
Stem fistulose, cartilaginous, stuffed with a pith and coated with a cartilaginous cuticle, rooting; pileus slightly fleshy, margin at first involute; lamellae free or only obtusely adnexed behind.'
Epiphytal on wood, leaves, &c., but often rooted in the ground. Spores white.
Lamellae white, yellowish or grayish..............-.- 1 Lamellae dingy. .or!cinereous:..- 25. .<-2-4--5 >>) ee zh i. Stem stout, stuffed, grooved or striate... 22.8... .-2 ee 2 1. Stem thin, hollow or stuffed, velvety....-......-..- 22 + 1. Stem hollow, smooth, lamellaenarrow, crowded.......... 5 2. Pileus viscid when moist.............. C. radicata. 2: ~“sPileus “not: Viseld... 0002-2 o< 259 a8- eee ee 5) Soebileus thbrillose... 208... eee C. platyphylla. Some ileus; clabrous.«..222- a cNe 7 eee ee C. maculata. 4. Stem umber, becoming black.......... C. velutipes. Ame spem: red Gish”. ..08 «neat ep kt eee C. confluens. 4. Stem tawny or brownish-tawny........C. zonata. 5.. Stem yellowish or rufescent.............s22-2e- eee 6. Lamellae crenulate, stem tapering up- WAT ke, avs se eee teers eee esa ee C. butyracea. 6. Lamellae not crenulate, stem even. .C. dryophila. 7. Pileus dark-brown when moist...... .C. alcalinolens. 7. Pileus livid-blackish when moist.......... C. ignobilis.
Collybia radicata Relh.
Pileus fleshy but thin, convex or nearly plane, sometimes somewhat umbonate, glabrous, viscid or even glutinous when moist, often radiately wrinkled in the center, varying in color from grayish-brown to dark-brown, sometimes almost white; flesh white.
Lamellae broad, subdistant, adnexed, shining white.
Stem long, firm, glabrous, stuffed, slightly tapering upward, at length striate or grooved, colored like or paler than the pileus, ending i in a long root-like extension which penetrates the earth deeply.
Spores elliptical with a slight apiculus at one end, 15 to 17 x 10 to 12 p. Pileus 5 to 7.5 em. broad; stem 10 to 20 em. long, 4 to 6 mm. thick.
Solitary, in woods or in lawns where the soil is filled with the roots of trees. Common from June to frost. Edible. Small specimens with the pileus pure white, and only 2.5 to 4 em. broad, are frequently found in shaded places in woods. The pileus in these, as in the larger plants is glutinous.
Collybia platyphylla Fr.
Pileus fuscous then cinereous, then whitish, fleshy-membrana- ceous, thin, fragile, soon flattened, obtuse, watery when moist, streaked with fibrils. |
Lamellae obliquely truncate behind, slightly adnexed, distant, soft, white. stay
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 39
Stem stuffed, soft, equal, fibrillose-striate, otherwise smooth, naked or obsoletely pruinose at the apex, whitish, shortly and bluntly rooted at the base.
Spores 19x13y. Pileus 7 to 10 cm. broad; stem 8 to 10 em. long, 1.5 em. or more thick.
On and about the base of stumps; not rare. The plants are slightly glutinous when moist. A specimen found in woods at Lombard, June, 1900, had the pileus 16 em. broad, stem 3 em. thick, and lamellae 18 mm. broad. The spores are very broadly elliptical, 7.5 to 10 «., much smaller than the measurements viven by Worthington G. Smith, from the European plant.
Collybia maculata A. & 38.
Pileus fleshy, firm, convex or nearly plane, even, glabrous, white or whitish, sometimes variegated with reddish spots or stains; flesh white.
Lamella2 narrow, crowded, adnexed, sometimes nearly or quite free, white or whitish.
Stem generally stout, firm, equal or slightly swollen in the middle, striate, white.
Spores subglobose, 4 to 6 p.; pileus 5 to 10 cm. broad; stem 5 to 10 em. long, 6 to 12 mm. thick.
Moist woods. Millers, Indiana, June. Stem occasionally 15 em. long. Our plants show sordid (not reddish) stains in drying. In the fresh specimens no stains were noticed.
Collybia velutipes Curt.
Pileus fleshy, rather thin, convex or nearly plane, obtuse, glabrous, viscid, reddish-yellow or tawny, the thin margin often wavy and irregular.
Lamellae broad, subdistant, rounded behind, slightly adnexed, whitish or yellowish.
Stem firm, externally cartilaginous, stuffed or hollow, brown or tawny-brown, densely velvety-hairy.
Spores narrowly elliptical or oblong-elliptical, 7.5 to 9x 4p. Pileus 2.5 to 7 cm. broad; stem 2.5 to 9 cm. long, 2 to 8 mm. thick.
On and about decaying trunks and stumps. Often densely cespitose. A clump collected by Will McDonald, in a lumbet yard at Wheaton, in November, 1899, contained over a hundred pilei. The lamellae are pal'id or-cream-color, becoming yellowish with age. Substance of the stem wholly fibrous, and, with the flesh of the pileus pure white within.
A specimen found on a stump of Sali; near Wheaton, had a fusiform radicating prolongation of the stem, extending into the ground 5 cm. The species is capable of withstanding low tem- peratures, and is often collected in November and December, when snow ison the ground. It is edible. —
Collybia confluens Pers. Pileus thin, tough, flaccid, convex then nearly plane, obtuse,
40 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
elabrous, hygrophanous, reddish, erayish-red or reddish-brown and often striatulate on the margin when moist, pallid or grayish when dry.
Lamellac narrow, crowded, free, whitish or yellowish-gray.
Stem cartilaginous, equal, hollow, clothed with a dense some- what pulverulent pubescence.
Pileus 18 mm. to 4 cm. broad; stem 5 to 12 em. long, 2‘to 4 mm. thick; spores ovate or subelliptic, 5 to 6 x3 to 4 p.
In cespitose clusters among dead leaves in woods. Glen Ellyn and Glencoe. August and September.
Collybia zonata Pk.
Pileus fleshy, thin, convex or nearly plane, umbilicate, fibril- lose-tomentose, tawny or ochraceous-tawny, sometimes marked with faintly darker zones.
Lamellae narrow, close, free, white or whitish, with a white pulverulent edge.
Stem firm, equal, hollow, fibrillose-tomentose, tawny or brownish-tawny.
Spores broadly elliptical, 5x4. Plant commonly cespitose; pileus 12 to 25 mm. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 cm. long, about 2 mm. thick.
On dead sticks lying on the ground in moist woods, Glencoe. August. The pileus in our plants is often plainly zonate.
Collybia strictipes Pk.
Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, glabrous, sometimes slightly rugose on the disk, moist but scarcely hygrophanous, whitish or pale yellow, paler when dry, often more deeply colored on the disk.
Lamellae thin, close, adnexed or almost free, white.
Stem equal, straight, hollow, glabrous, slightly mealy or pruinose at the top, white, often with a dense white myceloid tomentum at the base.
Spores ovate or subelliptical, pointed or subacuminate at one end, 6 to 7.5x4p. Pileus 4 to 5 cm. broad; stem, 4 to 6 cm. long, 4 to 6 mm. thick.
Growing in tufts on dead leaves in woods. August. Glen Ellyn and Glencoe. Stems very strict, often 7 or 8 em. long. Collybia acervata Fr.
Pileus convex then flattened and obtuse, fleshy, glabrous,
reddish-brown and slightly striate on the margin when moist, paler when dry.
Lamellae at first adnexed, soon free, crowded, white.
Stem slender, rigid, fistulose, very smooth except at the base, reddish-brown.
; Spores ellipsoid, 6x3 to 4. Pileus 5 to 7 em. broad; stem, 5 to 10 cm. high, 2 to 4 mm. thick.
The stems are often united at the base in a tuft of mycelium.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY }]
Among dead leaves in woods. June to August.
Collybia butyracea Bull.
Pileus fleshy, thin, convex then expanded, unbonate, smooth, reddish-brown, becoming paler with age, moist in wet weather, flesh dingy or whitish when moist, white when dry.
Lamellae thin, crowded, crenulate, adnexed or almost free, white.
Stem commonly tapering upward, glabrous, striate, reddish or reddish-brown, usually with a white tomentum on the thickened base, white within, stuffed or hollow.
Pileus 3 to 7.5 cm. broad; stem, 3 to 7.5 em. long, 4 to 6 mm. thick at the top, thicker at the base. Spores 6 to 7.5 x3 to 4 p.
On the ground in pine woods. Millers, Ind., October.
Collybia dryophila Bull.
Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, sometimes with the margin elevated, irregular, obtuse, glabrous, varying in color, commonly some shade of bay-red or tan-color; flesh white.
Lamellae narrow, crowded, adnexed or almost free, white or whitish, rarely yellowish.
Stem equal or sometimes thickened at the base, cartilaginous, glabrous, hollow, yellowish or rufescent, commonly similar in color to the pileus.
Spores 6t07.5x3to4 yu. Pileus 2.5 to 5 cm. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 em. long, 2 to 4 mm. thick.
Common in woods, summer and autumn, on dead sticks and among fallen leaves. Spores elliptic-fusiform, occasionally pip- shaped, about 7 x 4 m.
Collybia alcalinolens Pk.
Pileus thin, subconical, convex or nearly plane, glabrous or silky-fibrillose, hygrophanous, dark-brown and sometimes striatu- late on the margin when moist, grayish-brown or cinereous when dry, shining; flesh white, odor strong, alkaline.
Lamellae broad, subdistant, deeply emarginate or adnexed with a slight decurrent tooth, somewhat ventricose, whitish.
Stem shining, glabrous, slightly pruinose at the top, hollow, whitish.
Spores broadly elliptical, 7.5 to9x4to5yp. Pileus 16 to 36 mm. broad; stem, 2.5 to 5 cm. long, 2 to 6 mm. thick.
Woods, Glen Ellyn. May. Gregarious about decaying stumps. The plant has a strong odor, resembling that of chlorids of lime.
Collybia ignobilis Karst.
Pileus slightly fleshy or membranaceous, slightly convex or plane with the disk slightly depressed, glabrous, livid when moist, with a grayish reflection and the spreading margin striatulate, grayish or pallid when dry.
Lamellae close, dingy or pale, emarginate.
42 _ THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES -
Stem equal, hollow, livid or pallid with a grayish or whitish floccose pruinosity. ; ‘
Spores elliptical, hyaline, 7 to 8 x 4». Pileus 12 to 15 mm. broad; stem 2.5 to 6 cm. long, 2 to 4 mm. thick.
On the ground among dead leaves in woods, Glen Ellyn. August. The pileus when moist is livid-blackish, fading to livid- gray at the margin. The margin is not at all striatulate in our plants; the spores white (not hyaline), oblong, blunt-pointed, 6 to 7 x 3 u.; the lamellae are rounded behind; the stem is livid without and within, clothed upwards with a whitish pruinosity which is easily removed. If additional material shall show these variations to be constant, the plant may be worthy of separation
as a variety. MYCENA.
Stem fistulose, cartilaginous; pileus somewhat membranaceous, more or less striate, the margin at first straight and pressed parallel to the stem; lamellae not decurrent (or only uncinate by a small tooth).
Plants terrestrial or epixylous. Spores white.
Plant tough, inodorous, persistent.................5 =.eeeee 1 1. Lamellae united behind in a collar......M. rugosa. 1. Lamellae not united behind............1 M. galericulata.
2. >Plant fragile, pilews striate... ..::...<+ 15.722 eee 3 3... With an alkaline odor: .....< =....-oeae! M. alcalina. oo, Without Odor... 02.4 1.2220 ee 2 eee M. tenuis.
x. Plant bright colored .........:2...2...22. 0) eee 5) 5. Exuding a red juice when broken.......M. haematopa. m.. dumceless. . 2... se5 bed aa st eee 6 6. Pileus bright orange-red, stem yellow...M. acicula. 6. Pileus and stem pinkish or violaceous. ..M. pura.
7... Plant viscid... ....... 05... 4.560520... ee 8 8. Pileus grayish-yellow.................M. epipterygia. 8. Plant bright orange...................J M. Leaiana.
9. Plant very small, stem inserted at base... ..J MW. corticola.
Mycena rugosa Fr. ,
Pileus cinereous but becoming pale, very tough, slightly fleshy at the disk, otherwise membranaceous, campanulate then expanded, at length rather plane, unequal with elevated wrinkles, dry, striate at the margin.
Lamellae arcuate-adnate with a decurrent tooth, united be- hind in a collar, somewhat distant, connected by veins, broad, ventricose, white then gray. ;
_ Stem commonly short, remarkably cartilaginous, fistulose, rigid, tough, straight, at length compressed, even, smooth, pallid, with a short, oblique, strigose root.
On rotten stumps, Glen Ellyn and Winfield, September and October. The plant so referred is much tougher throughout than M. galericulata; the pileus is at first conic-campanulate then ex- panded, darker at the disk, sometimes obtuse, oftener with a
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 43
small, acute umbo. The lamellae although united to each other behind are adnate to the stem, and not to a separate collar as in Marasmius rotula. Cespitose, several individuals united by proliferous stems and a whitish tomentum. I do not find any spore measurements of this species. In our plant they are sub- globose, 6 to 7 m..
Mycena galericulata Scop. (Plate IV).
Pileus obtusely conical or campanulate, sometimes umbonate, long-striate, variable in color, but some shade of brown or ciner- eous.
Lamellae not crowded, uncinate, decurrent-toothed, abruptly pointed at the outer extremity, venose-connected, distinct at the stem, white or flesh-colored.
Stem firm, smooth, hollow, with white filaments at the base.
Pileus 1 to 3.5 cm. in diameter, stem 6 to 12 em. long.
Common on stumps, decayed logs, sticks, ete. Very variable in size and color. Often densely cespitose. Upon the same log may be found plants varying from 6 mm. to 6 em. in diameter, although the latter size is unusual.
Mycena alcalina Ir.
Pileus campanulate, obtuse, margin at length spreading or sometimes upturned, deeply striate when moist, shining when dry, color various, pallid or with a tinge of pale yellowish-green, the disk darker; odor strong and nitrous.
Lamellae adnate, narrowed behind, rather distant, whitish then glaucous or grayish.
Stem hollow, equal, pale, sometimes yellow, shining, slightly viscid, the base downy.
Pileus 1.5 to 9 em. broad; stem 5 to 7.5 em. long, 2 mm. thick Solitary or densely cespitose.
On dead stump, River Forest. June. Pileus whitish-fuligi- nous, the-disk darker or blackish; odor strongly alkaline; spores ellipsoid, 9 x 7 p.
Mycena tenuis Bolt.
Pure white. Pileus very brittle, membranaceous, campanu- late then convex, obtuse, striate more than half way to the disk, margin crenulate.
Lamellae adnate, ascending, distant, thin, watery.
Stem straight, equal, glabrous, pellucid, minute ly fistulose.
Pileus about 12 mm. broad; stem 5 to 7.5 cm. long, less than 2 mm. thick.
On dead leaves in moist woods, Glen Ellyn. September. Pileus 8 to 12 mm. broad, hyaline when young, whitish or fuscous- white when older; hygrophanous. Stem smooth, pellucid, rigid- fragile, white or pale watery-brown, sometimes crooked from position.
44 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Mycena haematopa Pers. oa
Cespitose. Pileus somewhat fleshy, campanulate, obtuse, the margin denticulate, commonly dark reddish or purplish.
Lamellae adnate, whitish.
Stem rigid, white, pulverulent, when broken exuding a dark red juice.
Pileus 1.3 to 2.5 em. broad; stem 5 em. long.
Old stumps, Glen Ellyn. September, Spores sphaeroid- ellipsoid, 1Ox6p. ~
Mycena acicula Schaeff.
Pileus membranaceous, campanulate or convex, smooth, orange-red, margin striate.
Lamellae rounded behind, adnexed, ventricose, distant, yellow, becoming whitish at the edge.
Stem tough, filiform, shining, minutely pilose, pale yellow.
Pileus 1 to 8 mm. broad; stem 2.5 em. long.
On decaying leaves in moist woods. Glen Ellyn. Pileus paler toward the margin, becoming pale with age; flesh deep orange. Spores pyriform, 9to 10x 5to6 yp. Pileus 2 to 6 mm. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 cm. long. An attractive little species, the bright pileus contrasting with the dull background of leaves so that the plants are readily seen notwithstanding their small size.
Mycena pura Pers.
Pileus slightly fleshy at the disk, campanulate then expanded, with an obtuse, even umbo, pinkish, purple or lilac.
Lamellae broad, adnate, concolorous, interspaces venose.
Stem firm, smooth, hollow, concolorous. Odor of radish.
Pileus 1 to 2.5 em. broad; stem 5 to 7.5 cm. long, 2 to 4 mm. thick.
Ground in woods. Glen Ellyn. August. Solitary. Whole plant a beautiful heliotrope color when young. Mycena epipterygia Scop.
Pileus campanulate or hemispherical, sometimes convex, striate, viscid, grayish-yellow, the disk brownish.
Lamellae white or yellowish, sharply uncinate and decurrent- toothed.
Stem yellow, shining, viscid, white-villous at the base.
Pileus 4 to 10 mm. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 em. long.
Ground in woods, Glencoe. October.
The pileus in our specimens is mouse-gray with a greenish- yellow tint. The lamellae when old often become slightly rufes- cent. The stem is greenish-yellow and viscid when fresh, be- coming pallid or whitish when dry. Pileus 4to 12 mm. broad; spores broadly ellipsoid, 7 to 9x 4 to 5 p.
None of our plants have the conic pileus shown in some of
the specimens figured by Atkinson, in Studies of Am. Fungi, p. 96.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 15
Mycena Leaiana Berk.
Cespitose, viscid, bright orange. Pileus somewhat fl convex, the margin striate.
Lamellae distant, broad, emarginate-attached, the ed: darker orange or vermilion.
Stem mostly curved, strigose at the base.
Pileus about 2.5 cm. broad; stem 2.5 to 9 em. long. The plant is very viscid and stains the fingers that handle it.
On rotten wood in woods, Glen Ellyn, River Forest and Glen- coe. August and September. A showy species, wholly bright orange-red, becoming paler with age. Spores short-oblong, 8 to 10 x 6 Lie
Mycena corticola Schum.
Pileus hemispherical or convex, subumbilicate, striate, brown sometimes with a purple tint, and sometimes having a grayish- mealy appearance.
Lamellae few, distant, subdecurrent, broadly attached to the stipe.
Stem short, curved, stuffed or hollow, concolorous with the pileus.
Pileus 4 to 6 mm. broad; stem about 12 mm. long.
Gregarious on the bark of various living street and forest trees, summer and autumn. Very common on Acer saccharinum L., less common on A. saccharum and A. negundo. Pileus seldom more than 5 cm. broad; stems subpellucid when moist. Spores white, globose, 10 to 12 ». When dry, the pileus closes about the stem and becomes globose. In this condition the plants are not easily discovered. The color of both pileus and stem of the dry plants is grayish from the dense furfuraceous coating.
OMPHALTIA. Stem cartilaginous, fistulose, but having the tube often stuffed, somewhat thickened upwards, widened out like a trumpet into the
pileus; pileus somewhat membranaccous; lamellae truly decu Plants terrestrial or epixylous. Spores white.
1. Lamellae venose-connected, yellowish. ..... O. campa 2. lamellae distinct, white................ 3 2y Lamellae distinct, gray..............- 5 SMEMICUS.CVEN... 2... 65. - eee ee eee sto», whtaaily kane evleus silky or flocculose.............- ....O. epichy 4, Pileus white, diaphanous..............Q. stellata. 4, Pileus whitish or brownish.............Q0. rustica. 5. Pileus pale-yellow to orange...............O. fibula. 5 LBAeE yd alien O. scyphoides
Omphalia campanella Batsch.
Pileus thin, convex, umbilicate, smooth, striatulate, hygroph- anous, dull reddish-yellow.
Lamellae narrow, arcuate, venose-connected, yellowish.
46 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES -
Stem slender, firm, hollow, often curved, brown, a little paler at the top, tawny-villous at the base.
Pileus 8 to 25 mm. broad; stem 2.5 to 3.5 em. long, scarcely 2 mm. thick.
On rotten stumps, River Forest and Glen Ellyn. Densely gregarious. Pileus often infundibuliform when old. Spores somewhat ellipsoid, but varying in shape, about 6 x 3 z.
Omphalia stellata Fr.
Pileus membranous, convex, umbilicate, glabrous, striate, diaphanous, white.
Lamellae broad, very distant, thin, decurrent, white.
Stem filiform, fragile, equal, glabrous, white, radiate-floccose at the base.
Spores subglobose or broadly elliptical, 6x 5 u. Pileus 4 to § mm. broad; stem 12 to 20 mm. long.
In grassy places. River Forest. June. Harper. Omphalia rustica Fr.
Pileus membranaceous, broadly umbilicate, otherwise convex, striate and fuscous then gray when moist, when dry becoming even and whitish or brownish.
Lamellae decurrent, thick, rather distant, gray, the edge arcuate.
Stem slender, stuffed, curt, equal or thickened upwards and only where so thickened at length hollow, gray-brown.
Spores somewhat ellipsoid, 7.5 to 10 x 4 to 5 p. Pileus 12 cm. orless broad; stem 12 cm. or rarely more long, 1 mm. thick.
In short grass in gravelly soil, open woods, Winfield. May, 1903.
Pileus in our plants 5 to 10 mm. broad. Spores somewhat larger than the dimensions above given, averaging 10 to 12 x 5 to 6 p.
Omphalia epichysia Pers.
* Pileus membranous, soft, expanded, umbilicate, hygrophan- ous, sooty-gray and striate when moist, pallid when dry, silky or flocculose.
Lamellae narrow, subdistant, slightly decurrent, whitish or cinereous.
Stem equal, somewhat hollow, glabrous, cinereous.
Pileus 12 to 25 mm. broad; stem 2.5 cm. long, 2 mm. thick.
Spores 8 to 10 x 4 to 5 pw. (Massee); 7.5 x 4 p. (Peck).
On rotten wood, River Forest. Autumn. The pileus is beautifully striate when moist. Spores elliptic-oblong, 6 to 7 x4up.
Omphalia fibula Bull.
Pileus membranous, commonly convex or hemispherical and umbilicate, striatulate when moist, varying in color from pale yellow to orange, even and paler when dry.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 47
Lamellae distant, arcuate, strongly decurrent, white.
Stem slender, commonly long in proportion to the breadth of the pileus, colored like or a little paler than the pileus. ee Pileus 4 to 10 mm. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 em. long, scarcely ‘millimeter thick. Spores narrowly ellipsoid, 4 x 2 p.
ra-
Mossy borders of swamps, Millers; damp mossy places in vines, Glencoe. August.
Omphalia scyphoides |'r
Pileus submembranous, plane and umbilicate or funnel-form, often irregular or somewhat eccentric, even, silky, white.
Lamellae narrow, close, decurrent, white.
Stem short, stuffed, subvillose, white.
Spores ellipsoid, 6x 4 to 5». Pileus 4 to 8 mm. broad; stem 8 to 16 mm. long.
Among dead leaves and twigs in woods, Glen Ellyn. July. Pileus fragile; stem solid or stuffed, sparsely (at the base closely villous.
PLEUROTUS.
Stem eccentric, lateral or none; epiphytal (very rarely growing on the ground), irregular, fleshy or membranaceous. Spores white (violet-tinted in P. sapidus).
SPOMMMOCCEMUTI Crt. ca. ic we eee te a ees Stem obsolete, or nearly so................ ) 1. Lamellae adnexed, pileus dry . es aoe ..P. ulma 1. Lamellae adnate, pileus viscid when young. . P. serotinu 1. Lamellae decurrent. io eee 4 2
2. Lamellae distinct at the base.......... 3 2. Lamellae anastomosing at the base. .
SeeePileustwhite or buff.......................P. dryw
3. Pileus aaa eee _.P. salig 4, Spores white.. ae, Ge RE ah P. ostreatu 4. Spores lilac. . i: Sei Qa ey SOpie
5. Pileus squamose, 2.5 to 10 cm. broad.......P. mast
5. Pileus villous, 2.5 to 5 cm. broad...........P. atro
5. Pileus pruinose, 4 to 6 mm. broad...... P. appl
Pleurotus ulmarius Bull. (Plate \.)
Pileus fleshy, compact, convex or nearly plane, ¢! moist, sometimes tinged with reddish, yellowish or brownis! and marked with livid spots, becoming darker and shining whet old; flesh pure white.
Lamellae broad, emarginate or rounded behind, adne: moderately close, white or whitish.
Stem stout, solid, straight or curved, glabrous or partly or wholly tomentose, whitish. ; Spores globose, 5 to 6. Pileus 7.5 to lo cm. broad; stem 2.5
to 7.5 em. long, 12 to 20 mm. thick.
48 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
On trunk of Acer Negundo, Wheaton. October, 1896. Pileus elliptical, 27 x 20 cm. in the largest specimen. On living trunks of Ulmus. River Forest and Bowmanville. Often 7 to 20 meters from the ground.
Pleurotus serotinus Fr.
Pileus fleshy, compact, convex or nearly plane, viscid when young and moist, dimidiate, reniform or suborbicular, solitary or cespitose and imbricated, variously colored, dingy-yellow, red- dish-brown, greenish-brown or olivaceous, the margin at first involute.
Lamellae close, determinate, whitish or yellowish.
Stem very short, lateral, thick, yellowish beneath and minutely tomentose or squamulose with blackish points.
Spores elliptical, 5 x 2.5 ». Pileus 2.5 to 7.5 em. broad.
Reported from woods at Bowmanville by Bertolet, Harper and Pepoon. Autumn.
Pleurotus dryinus Fr.
Pileus white or buff, convex or expanded, more or less depressed in the center, margin floccose, becoming floccose-scaly.
Lamellae white becoming tinged with yellow in age, decurrent in lines down the stem, not crowded.
Stem varying from nearly central to definitely lateral, smooth, white, tough, fibrous; veil floccose.
Pileus 5 to 10 cm. broad; stem 2 to 12 em. long, 1 to 2 em. thick.
Knot-hole in a log, River Forest. October, 1903.
The upper portion of the stem is pruinose between the decur- rent striae of the lamellae. Lamellae shining-white, not anastom- osing behind. I find no record of the size of the spores of this species. Cooke’s figure, Illust. Pl. 226, shows them to be narrowly oblong. In our plant they are oblong, 14x 4u. The pileus is 5 to 8 em. broad; the stem 5 cm. long, 1 to 2 em. thick.
Pleurotus salignus Schw.
Pileus fleshy, compact, spongy, somewhat dimidiate, horizon- tal, at first pulvinate, even, afterwards the disk depressed, some- what strigose, fuliginous-cinereous, sometimes ochraceous.
Lamellae decurrent, some of them branched, eroded, distinct at the base, subconcolorous with the pileus.
Stem short, tomentose.
On decaying wood of Ulmus americana, Wheaton. October. Pileus 7.5 to 12.5 cm. broad, both it and the lamellae tougher than those of P. ostreatus. Lamellae pallid, at length ochraceous, decurrent, not anastomosing behind. The species grows slowly, lasting three or four weeks. Spores abundant, pure white, 9 to 13 x 5 to 6 p. :
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 1
Pleurotus ostreatus Ir.
Pileus fleshy, soft, convex or slightly depressed behind, dimidiate, often cespitosely imbricated, moist, glabrous, whit cinereous or brownish; flesh white.
Lamellae broad, decurrent, subdistant, anastomosing base, white or whitish.
Stem when present, very short, firm, lateral, sometim strigose-hairy at the base.
Pileus 5 to 10 cm. broad; spores oblong, white, 7.5 to 10 x 4 y.
Not common, but found occasionally throughout our district, chiefly after rains in autumn, on various deciduous trees.
A specimen found by Mr. Fred Wells, growing on Ulmu americana, 1n his lawn at Wheaton, consisted of a mass of imbri- cated pilei extending down a diseased crevice in the tree-trunk a distance of 3 dm. The individual pilei were 7 to 12 em. broad, conchate, tapering to stem-like bases, smoky-white in color; lamellae’ deeply and irregularly decurrent, the interspaces rugose- reticulate toward the base.
Pleurotus sapidus Kalch.
Plant generally cespitose, pileus eccentric or lateral, rarely sessile, irregular, convex or depressed on the disk, glabrous, variable in color, whitish, yellowish, grayish-brown, lilac-brown or smoky-brown; flesh white.
Lamellae rather broad, subdistant, decurrent, distinet or anastomosing at the base, whitish.
Stem firm, solid, straight or curved, white or whitish, often united at the base.
Spores oblong, pale lilac, 9 to 11 x 4 to5 yp. Pileus 5 to 12.5 em. broad; stem 2.5 to 6 em. long, 6 to 16 mm. thick.
Street, Wheaton, in sod where a street tree had been cut close to the ground, the plants growing from the buried decaying stump and roots. In dense, cespitose clusters, appearing for three successive seasons after heavy rains, from August to October.
Pleurotus mastrucatus Ir.
Pileus mouse-gray, as if prickly with floccose, squarrose scales of the same color, fleshy, when full grown obovate or tongue- shaped, soft, flaccid, margin involute but lobed when full grown or luxuriant; stratum of flesh double, the upper gelatinous, pliant, mouse-fuscous 1 mm. thick, the lower a little thicker, pallid,
Lamellae at first connivent in an eccentric umbilicus, then converging to the base of the pileus, broad, somewhat distant, quaternate, whitish-gray.
Big Woods, Evanston; September. Gammon. Jewell Grove, Wheaton, November.
Prof. Morgan notes of plants collected in Ohio, that the pileus is “rough, with hairs and rigid points intermixed; some ol the hairs or points blackish.” The blackish points or scales are a
50 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
conspicuous feature in our plant, and are more numerous toward the margin of the pileus. Plants 2.5 to 10 em. broad. Spores ellipsoid, 9 x 4 p.
Pleurotus atrocaeruleus I'r.
Pileus dark azure blue, more rarely fuscous, resupinate then reflexed, horizontal, obovate or reniform, villous, slightly wrinkled when dry; flesh soft, the upper stratum toughly gelatinous, as much as 4 mm. thick, fuscous-blackish, the lower thinner, whitish.
Lamellae at first decurrent, then reaching the base, in groups _of 4 to. 8, whitish, at length becoming light yellow.
Spores 8x3 p(W.G.S8.). Pileus 2.5 to 5 cm. broad. Sessile, gregarious, somewhat imbricated, here and there emitting a plea- sant odor.
Var. griseus Pk.
Pileus grayish or grayish-brown, clothed with rather coarse pointed whitish or grayish hairs.
Lamellae not broad.
Spores elliptical, sometimes slightly curved, 7.5 x 4 w. The pileus is sometimes attached by the vertex, and the margin 1s often beautifully crenately lobed or sealloped. (N. Y. Mus. Rep. 44: 35.)
On bark of Hicoria ovata, woods, Glen Ellyn. July, 1902.
Pileus dark grayish-brown with a bluish tint. Flesh in two strata; the upper fuscous-blackish, less than a millimeter thick, the lower whitish or pallid, 3 mm. thick. For the reason that the relative thickness of the strata was so at variance with the de- scription given above, specimens were sent to Professor Peck, who refers them to his var. griseus. The spores in our plants are very abundant, ellipsoid, 6 x 4 up.
Pleurotus applicatus Batsch.
Pileus when young cup-shaped, orbicular, adnate behind, villous at the base, commonly sessile, more or less pruinate; when fuller grown more or less reflexed, more dimidiate, smooth or slightly villous, slightly striate when damp.
Lamellae few, rather thick, broad, distant, paler than the pil- eus. .
Pileus 4 to 6 mm. broad, varying in color, cinereous or azure- blue-blackish, dark or bluish-gray.
On dead sticks and branches. Frequent.
HYGROPHORWUS.
Hymenophore continuous with the stem, and descending un- changed as a trama into the lamellae; lamellae acute at the edge, clothed with a hymenium which turns into a waxy mass. Grow- ing on the ground, fleshy, putrescent; pileus viscid or watery, lamellae often branched. Spores white, globose.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 1
Pileus white MRC ee Gy cie)'s.cinc ks es leh ee he %P envi eae i. virgineu : Pileus vermilion, becoming orange or yellow... ... | Pileus light-yellow, becoming black......... H. conicus. ibetesapare=VeNOWISD .. 5.0.5 5 eee cw a et he es Sowa fevbameliae adnate. ..............0.........H. mintatus.
1. Lamellae long-decurrent...................H. cantharellus. MCE MIN ORUEMNOUS: eeiAci. secs ced s sear art ee pha es OO ee vem MOG SMIUIMOUS. 152... 26 et sav. ews odd. Pratensrs:
PA SLeM Suited, SOMOS.) 2... se. ks ee ss AD COraCeUs.
jee otem- hollow, {ururaceous.................H. cossus.
Hygrophorus miniatus I'r.
Pileus at first vermilion then becoming pale and opaque, slightly fleshy, convex, obtuse then umbilicate, at first even and smooth, then squamulose.
Lamellae adnate, not decurrent, plane, distant, distinct, rather thick, yellow or sometimes light yellow-vermilion.
Stem somewhat stuffed, equal, round, even, smooth, shining, vermilion.
Very fragile. Pileus scarcely reaching 2.5 cm. in breadth; stem about 5 em. long, 2 mm. thick. Spores 10 x 6 p. (Cke.); Bex. CW. G. S.)
Ground under trees in a moist ravine, Glen Ellyn. August.
Pileus about a centimeter in diameter.
The species of Hygrophorus appearing in the vicinity of Chi- cago are not luxuriant and the individuals are few in number. Hygrophorus cantharellus Schw.
Pileus thin, convex, at length umbilicate or centrally depressed, minutely squamulose, moist, bright red, becoming orange -or yellow.
Lamellae distant, subarcuate, decurrent, yellow, sometimes tinged with vermilion.
Stem smooth, equal, subsolid, sometimes becoming hollow, concolorous with the pileus, whitish within.
Pileus 12 to 25 mm.; broad; stem 5 to 10 em. long, 2 to + mm. thick.
Bank of a wooded ravine, Glencoe. August.
Stem bright vermilion, pileus a little paler, lamellae whitish with a reddish tint, long-decurrent.
Hygrophorus conicus I'r.
Pileus thin, submembranaceous, commonly light-yellow, be- coming black, smooth, fragile, conical, generally acute, sometimes obtuse, the margin often lobed.
Lamellae rather close and broad, subventricose, narrower behind, free, terminating in an abrupt tooth in front, scarcely reaching the margin, yellow.
Stem equal, fibrous-striate, yellow, hollow.
Pileus 12 to 25 mm. broad; stem 7.5 to 15 em. long, 2 to 4 mm. thick. Spores 10 x 6 p.
Moist woods. Millers; Glen Ellyn. August.
By THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Hygrophorus pratensis I’r.
Pileus somewhat pale-yellowish, compactly fleshy especially at the disk, thin toward the margin, convex then flattened, almost turbinate from the stem being thickened upwards, even, smooth, moist (but not viscous) in rainy weather, when dry often rimosely incised, here and there split regularly round; flesh firm, white.
Lamellae remarkably decurrent, at first arcuate, then ex- tended in the form of an inverted cone, very broad in the middle, concolorous with the pileus.
Stem stuffed, internally spongy, externally polished-evened and firmer, attenuated downwards, smooth, naked.
Pileus 2.5 to 5 em. broad; stem 3.5 to 5 em. long, a cm. or more thick. Spores 6 to 10 x 4 to 6 pn.
Grassy places in open woods, Glencoe. October. Whole plant pallid-whitish, margin of pileus repand.
Hygrophorus ceraceus I'r.
Fragile. Pileus thin, convex-plane, obtuse, a little striate, viscid, waxy, shining.
Lamellae adnate, somewhat decurrent, distant, broad, almost triangular, yellow.
Stem hollow, unequal, waxy, shining.
Moist woods. Millers, Indiana. Pileus about 2.5 em. broad, stem 3 to 5 cm. long, flexuous, yellow like the pileus.
Hygrophorus cossus Fr.
Pileus yellowish-white, disk somewhat ochraceous, fleshy, convex-plane, obtuse, smooth, glutinous, shining when dry, margin naked; flesh white.
Lamellae adnate, decurrent, distant, connected by veins, firm, white.
Stem stuffed, soft, somewhat equal, furfuraceous and rough with dotted points above, white or becoming tinged with yellow.
Pileus 3.5 em. broad; stem 5 to 7.5 em. long, 4 to 10 mm. thick.
Woods, Glen Ellyn. September. Our plants are somewhat smaller than the dimensions given above, and shown in Cooke’s figure (Illust. Pl. 887). The pileus is 2.5 to 4 em. broad, disk flesh-color or pale reddish-yellow; lamellae white or with a slight creamy-yellow tint; stem 2.5 to 5 em. long, about 6 mm. thick, concolorous with the lamellae viscid except at the apex where it is dry and dotted or farinose.
Hygrophorus virgineus I'r.
Wholly white. Pileus fleshy, convex then plane, obtuse, moist, at length depressed, cracked into patches, flocecose when dry.
Lamellae decurrent, distant, rather thick.
Stem curt, stuffed, firm, attenuated at the base, externally becoming even and naked.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY
a | we
Among leaves in open grassy places in woods, Glen Ellyn. October, 1902. Our plants are very variable both in size and shape, frequently much deformed (on account of recent frosts?) ; pileus pure white becoming pallid, at first even and moist, the cuticle soft, like white kid-leather; sometimes regular in shape and convex with the margin depressed when old, sometimes with the pileus bi-laterally compressed and upturned, frequently un- dulated on the margin; stems usually short, 15 to 3 em. long, compressed and flattened in ‘the larger plants. Spores ellipsoid, inequilateral, 7 to 9 x 5 to 6 p.
LACTARIUS.
Hymenophore continuous with the stem; lamellae unequal, membranaceous, waxy, slightly rigid, milky, acute at the edge; spores white, rarely yellowish, globose. Fleshy fungi, usually growing on the ground, putrescent; pileus depressed, lamellae adnate-decurrent, often branched.
ileus. viscid, milk white; acrid...............50. cise as eae I Emieucsmot viscid, milk white, acrid...............0-.4++.-05 @ nilews nou viscid, milk dark blue........-...-...0...%- re Pileus viscid or dry, milk mild or very tardily EHBIANG Lo 2 ped, & A hs SO i ice oa 1. Margin inflexed, tomentose-hairy....... L. torminosus. 1. Margin inflexed, pruinose..............L. trivialis. 2. Pileus reddish flesh-color or reddish-brown. ..L. hysginus. 2. Pileus yellowish-brown or sordid green......L. sordidus. 3. Pileus convex then plano-depressed.....L. pergamenus. 3. Pileus becoming infundibuliform........L. piperatus. Mee VNOlenplamuuOhUGs ys 5 Soe cs ake ews L. Indigo. 5. Milk white changing to sulphur-yellow...... L. theiogalus. Pm ilowiitte, unehaneeable.... 2... 66k 1s eh eee ea eee 6 6. ileus pruimose or pubescent... 5: <-. een eee ae ee es 7 Dera U CRON AO OU Se gga g)8 + cos ses sae Sie? eal yeh te eee 7. Pileus dingy-cinereous or buff-gray. .L. fuliginosus. 7. Pileus yellowish-red or orange- tawny . ee de kt ls de 2 La ygrophoraides Peemlmletionbuit-COlOt.2 6.0). 9.4 meron 1s L. luteolus. Seestvemo to 20mm. thick ss... i. vs ea L. volemus. Sam Stem: 2otovormm: thick. .: 2.6. ..-. 5.64. L. subdulcis.
Lactarius torminosus Ir.
Pileus convex then depressed, viscid when young or moist, yellowish-red or pale ochraceous, tinged with red or flesh-color, often varied with zones or spots, the at first involute margin per- sistently tomentose-hairy.
Lamellae thin, close, narrow, whitish, often tinged with yellow or flesh-color. Milk white, unchangeable, taste acrid.
Stem equal or slightly tapering downward, hollow, sometimes spotted, whitish.
Spores subglobose or broadly elliptical, 9 to 10 p. Pileus 5 to 10 em. broad; stem 3.5 to 7.5 em. long, 8 to 16 mm. thick.
54 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Glen Ellyn and Winfield. Banks in shade, Pine, Ind., Bertolet and Pepoon.
Usually solitary, although a cluster containing a dozen speci- mens closely aggregated and distorted by mutual pressure, was found in woods at Glen Ellyn, September, 1900. The pileus is usually partially or wholly covered with dead leaves and dirt which adhered when the young viscid plant pushed its way out of the earth. When old, it is quite dry. The usual size is 7.5 to 10 em. although individuals measuring 15 cm. in diameter have been found.
Well marked by the densely floccose margin of the pileus. (Pepoon.)
Lactarius trivialis Fr.
Pileus convex then nearly plane, umbilicate or centrally depressed, globose, viscid, somewhat zonate, leaden-gray, livid- cinereous or pale-brown, often with a pink or lilac tint, the thin inflexed margin at first with a grayish pruinosity.
Lamellae rather narrow, close, thin, adnate, sometimes forked, whitish becoming pallid or creamy-yellow, with dingy-greenish stains where wounded.
Stem equal or slightly tapering upward, long or short, gla- brous, rarely spotted, hollow, whitish, often tinged with yellow or gray, paler than the pileus. Milk white or pale cream-color, taste acrid.
Spores yellowish, 7 to 10 p.
Woods, Glen Ellyn and Winfield. August. Our plants agree with the description except that the lamellae change to brownish where wounded. Pileus 5 to 7.5 em. broad; stem 5 to 9 cm. long, 12 to 24 mm. thick. Spores globose, very slightly echinulate, 7 to 8 pw. The flesh of the pileus is grayish under the separable pellicle.
Sandy woods, Millers. August. Harper.
Lactarius hysginus Fr.
Pileus convex then nearly plane, umbilicate, red-flesh-color or reddish-brown, the thin margin inflexed, even, viscous.
Lamellae adnate or subdecurrent, thin, crowded, white then cream-colored or ochraceous.
Stem stuffed then hollow, smooth, colored like or a little paler than the pileus, sometimes spotted. Spores globose, echinulate, whitish, 7 to 10 »; milk white, unchangeable, taste acrid.
Pileus 6 to 10 cm. broad; stem 5 to 10 cm. long, 8 to 16 mm. thick.
Woods, Millers. August. Harper.
Lactarius sordidus Pk.
Pileus thick, firm, convex and centrally depressed, then nearly plane or subinfundibuliform, subglabrous, slightly viscid when moist, soon dry, pale yellowish-brown, tinged with sordid-green, often darker in the center.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 55
Lamellae narrow, close, white or yellowish.
Stem short, firm, equal or alightie tapering upward, hollow, colored like the pileus, generally spotted. Milk white, taste acrid.
Spores 7.5 to 9p. Pileus 5 to 10 em. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 em. long, 8 to 16 mm. thick.
Woods, Millers. August. Harper. Lactarius pergamenus Ir
White. Pileus fleshy, pliant, convex then plano-depressed, repand, shghtly wrinkled, smooth.
Lamellae adnate, very narrow, horizontal, very crowded, branched, white then straw-color; milk white, acrid.
Stem stuffed, smooth, changing color.
Pileus 7.5 to 15 em. broad, stem 3.5 to 7.5 em. long, lamellae scarcely 2 mm. broad.
Woods, Glen Ellyn and Winfield. August. Differs from L. piperatus in having the pileus at first convex, the lamellae adnate and narrower, the stem longer and thinner. Spores subglobose, but somewhat irregular, 6 to 8 w. Gregarious; often three to six plants in a close cluster. The pileus in our plants
does not become funnel-shaped but is rimosely incised when fully grown.
Lactarius piperatus Fr. (Plate VI, Fig. 1.)
Pileus compact, at first convex and umbilicate, then expanded and centrally depressed or infundibuliform, even, elabrous, white.
Lamellae narrow, crowded, dichotomous, adnate or decurrent, white or cream-colored.
Stem equal or slightly tapering downward, solid, glabrous, white. Milk white, abundant, very acrid.
Pileus 3.5 to 10 em. broad; stem 2 to 5 em. long, 10 to 20 mm. thick. Spores white, nearly smooth, 6 to 7.5 p.
On the ground in dry or moist woods, Winfield, Glen Ellyn, Glencoe, Highland Park, Riverside. One of our most common species. Specimens 12 cm. broad, with the pileus wholly funnel- shaped are often found. Dr. Watson has collected at Highland Park, a plant which may be this species, but so distorted by Hypomyces lactifiuorum as to be unrecognizable. The spores upon the specimens are wholly those of the parasite. Similar specimens have been collected at River Forest by Wyrick, and at Winfield by the writer.
Lactarius Indigo Schw.
Pileus at first umbilicate with the margin involute, then de- pressed or infundibuliform, indigo-blue with a silvery-gray luster, zonate, especially on the margin, sometimes spotted, becoming paler and less distinctly zonate with age.
Lamellae close, indigo-blue, becoming yellowish and some- times greenish with age.
Stem short, nearly equal, hollow, often spotted with blue, colored like the pileus. Milk dark blue.
56 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Spores subglobose, 7.5 to 9 »w. Pileus 5 to 12.5 em. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 cm. long, 12 to 20 mm. thick.
Dry places, especially under pine trees. (Peck.)
Calumet Heights, Millers and Glencoe. August and Septem- ber. At Millers it occurs in mixed woods, both upon dry ground and in moist swamp borders.
Lactarius theiogalus Fr. P
Pileus thin, convex then depressed. at length infundibuliform, even, smooth, viscid, tawny-reddish, shining when dry, zoneless flesh whitish, milk white then changing to sulphur-yelliow, taste slowly acrid.
Lamellae adnate or decurrent, close, pallid then reddish.
Stem stuffed then hollow, equal, even, concolorous with the pileus.
Spores yellowish, subglobose, 7.5 to 9 ». Pileus 5 to 12.5 em broad; stem 2.5 to 7.5 cm. long, 16 to 18 mm. thick.
Open woods, Glen Ellyn. - August. Pileus 6 to 7.5 em. broad; stem about 6 cm. long. The pileus changes from reddish-tawny to ochraceous-tawny when parting with its moisture.
Lactarius fuliginosus Fr.
Pileus firm, becoming soft, convex, plane or slightly depressed, even, dry, zoneless, dingy-cinereous or buffi-gray, appearing as if covered with a dingy pruinosity, the margin sometimes wavy or lobed.
Lamellae adnate or subdecurrent, subdistant, whitish then yellowish, becoming stained with pink-red or salmon color where wounded. . |
Stem equal or slightly tapering downwards, eee stuffed, colored like the pileus; spores elobose, yellowish, 7.5 to 10 p.; milk white, taste tardily and sometimes slightly acrid.
Pileus 2.5 to 6 cm. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 em. long, 6 to 12 mm. thick.
Grassy places in open woods, Riverside. July.
Lactarius hygrophoroides B. & C.
Pileus convex, at length plane, pulverulent, yellowish-red.
Lamellae very distant, decurrent, yellowish, the interstices rugose.
Stem not 2.5 cm. high, 8 mm. thick, of the same color as the pileus. Pileus 3.5 em. across. This species has somewhat the habit of L. volemus.
Open woods, Glen Ellyn. August. Pileus dry, rugose- reticulated, at length subinfundibuliform, orange-tawny; lamellae creamy-white, some of them forked; stem smooth, tapering down- wards; milk white, mild, unchangeable. Spores globose, slightly rough, 10 p.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY YT
Lactarius luteolus Pk
Pileus fleshy, rather thin, convex or nearly plane, commonly umbilicately depressed in the center and somewhat rugulose, pruinose or subglabrous, buff-color; flesh white; taste mild; milk copious, flowing easily, white or whitish.
Lamellae close, nearly plane, adnate or slightly rounded behind, whitish, becoming brownish where wounded.
Stem short, equal or tapering downwards, solid or somewhat spongy within, oy d like the pileus.
Spores globose, 7.5 w.; pileus 5 to 7.5 em. broad; stem 2.5 to 3.0 cm. lone, 6 to 10 mim. thick.
Sandy woods. Millers. June. Lactarius volemus ['r.
Pileus firm, convex, nearly plane or centrally depressed, rarely infundibuliform, sometimes with a small umbo, generally ‘even, glabrous, dry, golden-tawny or brownish-orange, sometimes darker in the center, often becoming rimose-areolate.
Lamellae close, adnate or subdecurrent, white or yellowish, becoming sordid or brownish where bruised or wounded.
Stem subequal, firm, solid, glabrous or merely pruinose, colored like the pileus, sometimes a little paler. Milk copious, white, “taste acrid.” ~(Peck.)
Spores globose, 8.7 to 11 ». Pileus 2 to 12.5 em. broad; stem 2.9 to 10 cm. long, 8 to 20 mm. thick.
Woods, Highland Park. August and September. Watson, Harper.
Glen Ellyn. Not found in 1901; quite common in 1902. The pileus is seldom more than 8 em. broad. The milk in our plants is mild, agreeing in this respect with L. corrugis Peck, but the pileus is not “corrt gated” as it is said to be in that species, although sometimes it is slightly wrinkled.
Lactarius subdulcis Bull.
Pileus thin, convex, then plane or subinfundibuliform, with or without a small umbo or papilla, glabrous, even, zoneless, moist or dry, tawny-red, cinnamon-red or brownish- -red, the margin sometimes wavy or flexuous.
Lamellae adnate, crowded, colored like or paler than the pileus.
Stem slender, glabrous, stuffed then hollow, colored like or paler than the pileus. Milk white, taste mild or tardily and slightly acrid.
Spores white, globose, 7.5 to 9 ». Pileus 10 mm. to 5 em. broad; stem 2.5 to 6 em. long, 2 to 6 mm. thick.
Among leaves in woods, Millers and Glencoe. Very similar in appearance to some forms of Clitocybe laccata, and often as- sociated with it. Taste mild; spores globose, slightly rough, about 8 pm.
58 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
RUSSULA.
Hymenophore descending unchanged and forming a vescicular trama; veil none; lamellae rigid, fragile, acute at the edge. Grow- ing on the ground, fleshy, putrescent, with polished stem, and pileus at first or at length depressed. Spores rounded, often echinulate, white or yellowish.
1. Pileus without a pellicle, flesh firm, compact............. 2 1. Pileus with a pellicle, margin at length sulecate, flesh Tigid-frapile 7.35 54.5 Axed tw cies oes ee 5 2. Flesh extending to the involute margin.............. 3 2. Flesh not extending to the straight margin............ t 3: ePileus. atdencth olacik nee eee R. nigricans. 3. Pileus whitish or cinereous-fuliginous. .R. adusta. 4. Pileus milk-white, then tan-white........ R. lactea. 4, Pileus green or yellowish-green.......... R. virescens. 4. Pileus cinnabar-vermilion becoming pale... rubra. 5. - Lamellae and spores winte:............-ss) oe ee 6 5. Lamellae and spores white then yel- lowish::-2.,28 9 oa eee eee eee R. atropurpurea 5. Lamellae and spores ochraceous...............-+: 6. Pileus rosy, then blood-color............ R. emetica. 6. Pileus toast-brown, then pale-tan........ R. pectinata. 7. Lamellae free, broad, somewhat dis- SDs Ass. cane eet ee eee R. alutacea. 7. Lamellae adnate, narrowed behind, much crowded. cea neancc ee heres R. puellaris. 7. Lamellae adnate, subdistant......... R. ochrophylla. 7. Lamellae slightly adnexed, broad, not crowded s.2/3% “i 5) Seeks eee R. ochracea,
Russula nigricans Fr.
Pileus olivaceous-fuliginous, at length black, fleshy to the margin which is at first. bent inwards, convex then flattened, umbilicate- -depressed, when young and moist slightly viscid and even, but without a separable pellicle, at length rimose-squamu- lose; flesh firm, white, when broken becoming. red on exposure to the air.
Lamellae rounded behind, slightly adnexed, thick, distant, unequal, paler, reddening when touched.
Stem persistently solid, equal, pallid when young, at length black.
Spores papillose, 8 ». Pileus 5 to 10 em. broad, stem 2.5 em. thick.
Woods, Glencoe. August. The entire plant turns black in drying and the surface cracks into areas like that of R. virescens. Russula adusta Fr.
Pileus pallid, whitish or cinereous-fuliginous, equally fleshy, compact, depressed then somewhat infundibuliform, margin at
first inflexed, smooth, then erect, without striae; flesh unchange- able.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 59
Lamellae adnate then decurrent, thin, crowded, unequal, white then dingy, not reddening when touched.
Stem solid, obese, concolorous with the pileus.
Spores sphaeroid, echinulate, 7 to 9 w. Pileus 5 to 15 em. broad, stem 3 to 6 em. long, 1 to 1.5 em. thick.
“Woods, Glencoe. August. Watson. Russula lactea I'r
Pileus at first milk-white, then tan-white, compactly fleshy, campanulate then convex, often eccentric, without a pellicle, always dry, at first even, then slightly cracked when dry; margin straight, thin, obtuse, even; flesh compact, white.
Lamellae free, very broad, thick, distant, rigid, forked, white.
Stem solid, very compact, but at length spongy-soft within, equal, even, always white.
Spores subglobose, echinulate, 7 to 9 w. Pileus 5 em. broad; stem 3.5 to 6.5 em. long, 2 to 3 cm. thick.
In open woods, Glen Ellyn. August. Russula virescens Ir.
Pileus green, compactly fleshy, globose then expanded, at length depressed, dry, not furnished w vith a pellicle, the floeculose cuticle broken up into patches or warts; margin straight, obtuse, even; flesh white.
Lamellae free, somewhat crowded, sometimes equal, some- times forked with a few shorter ones intermixed, white.
Stem solid, internally spongy, firm, commen hat rivulose, white. Taste mild. It varies in color, sometimes deep and sometimes pallid green, sometimes yellow ish then ereen.
Woods throughout our district. Not common. July to September. Edible.
Prof. Harshberger states that the box tortoise (Cistudo vir- ginica) is extremely fond of this species. (Journ. Myce. 8: 156.)
Russula rubra Fr.
Pileus unicolorous, cinnabar-vermilion but becoming pale tan when old, disk commonly darker, compact, hard but fragile, convex then flattened, here and there depressed, absolutely dry, without a pellicle, but becoming polished-even, often rivulous- rimose when old, margin spreading, obtuse, even; flesh white, reddish under the cuticle.
Lamellae obtusely adnate, somewhat crowded, whitish then yellowish, with dimidiate and forked ones intermixed.
Stem solid, even, varying white and red. Very acrid.
Spores sphaeroid, 8 to 10 .; pileus 2.5 to 10 em. broad; stem 5 to 7.5 cm. long, about 2.5 cm. thick.
In open woods, Glencoe. . August. Laxly gregarious. Taste acrid, bitterish; plant very firm and rigid; stems in our specimens wholly whitish, sometimes even, but oftener attenuated down- wards. Spores whitish, very slightly rough, globose, 7 to 9 pu.
60 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Russula atropurpurea Pk.
Pileus at first convex then centrally depressed, glabrous, dark-purple, blackish in the center, the margin even or slightly striate; flesh white, grayish or grayish-pink under the separable pellicle; taste mild; odor of the drying plant foetid, very: un- pleasant. ,
Lamellae nearly equal, subdistant, sometimes forked near the stem, at first white, then yellowish, becoming brownish where bruised.
Stem equal, glabrous, spongy within, white, brownish where bruised.
Spores subglobose, minutely rough, pale-ochraceous with a salmon tint, 7.5 to 10 ». Pileus 7.5 to 10 em. broad; stem 5 to 7.5 cm. long, 10 to 16 mm. thick.
Grassy places in woods, Glen Ellyn. -June. Pileus up to 10 cm. in diameter; spores globose, rough, 9to 10 4. The odor of the plant will not be forgotten by one who has attempted to dry specimens.
Russula emetica Fr.
Pileus at first rosy then blood-color, tawny when old, at first campanulate then flattened or depressed, polished, margin at length suleate and tubercular; flesh white, reddish under the separable pellicle; taste very acrid.
Lamellae somewhat free, broad, somewhat distant, shining white.
Stem stout, spongy-stuffed, elastic when young, fragile when older, even, white or reddish.
Spores white, sphaeroid, echinulate, 8 to 10». Pileus 5 to 10 em. broad; stem 5 to 10 em. high, 1 to 2 em. thick.
Woods. Frequent. Very fragile when old. Most authors consider it poisonous; Mcllvane states that it is edible.
Russula pectinata Fr.
Pileus at first viscous, toast-brown, then dry, becoming pale, tan, with the disk always darker, fleshy, rigid, convex then flattened and depressed or concave-infundibuliform; margin thin, pectinate-suleate, here and there irregularly shaped; flesh white, light-yellowish under the pellicle which is not easily separable.
Lamellae attenuate-free behind, broader toward the margin, somewhat crowded, equal, simple, white.
Stem rigid, spongy-stuffed, longitudinally slightly striate, shining white, often attenuated at the base. Odor weak but nauseous.
Spores globose, 8 to 9 w.; pileus 7.5 em. broad; stem 7.5 em. long, 2 to 2.5 em. thick.
Woods, Glencoe and Glen Ellyn. August. The plant when young is smooth, watery-brown, viscid, and has the margin of the pileus strongly incurved. The flesh is not always yellowish under
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 61
the cuticle, being sometimes merely pallid. Specimens 10 em. or more broad are not uncommon.
Russula alutacea Ir.
Pileus commonly bright blood-red, even black-purple, but becoming pale, especially at the disk, fleshy, campanulate then convex, flattened and somewhat umbilicate, even, with a remark- ably viscous pellicle, margin even, at length striate, tubercular; flesh snow-white.
Lamellae at first free, thick, very broad, connected by veins, all equal, somewhat distant, at first pallid light-yellow, then bright ochraceous, not pulverulent.
‘Stem solid, stout, equal, even, white, most frequently varie- gated reddish, even purple. Edible; taste mild ae pleasant.
Spores yellow, 7 to 9 pw. (Massee); 11 to 14 x 8 p. (Saccardo.)
Pileus 5 to 10 em. broad; stem about 5 em. lone 12 mm. thick.
Ground in woods, Winfield. August.
Russula puellaris I*r
Pileus conic-convex then expanded, at first rather gibbous then slightly depressed, scarcely viscid; color peculiar, purplish- livid then yellowish, disk always darker and brownish, tubercu- losely striate often to the imddle; flesh almost membranaceous except at the disk.
Lamellae adnate, very much narrowed behind, thin, crowded, white then pale y ellow, not shining nor powdered with the spores.
Stem equal, soft, fragile, wrinkled under a lens, white or yel- lowish, stuffed, soon hollow; taste mild. .
Spores subglobose, pale ‘yellow, echinulate, 10 x 8 to 9 uw.; pileus 2.5 to 3.5 cm. broad; stem 2.5 to 3.5 em. long, 4 to 8 mm. thick.
Grassy places in open woods, somewhat gregarious. Spores ochraceous, subglobose, 7 to 9 p.
Russula ochrophylla Pk.
Pileus firm, convex, becoming nearly plane or slightly de ‘pressed in the center, even or rarely very slightly striate on the margin when old, purple or dark purplish-red; flesh white, purplish under the adnate cuticle; taste mild.
Lamellae entire, a few of them forked at the base, subdistant, adnate, at first yellowish, becoming bright ochraceous-buff when mature, dusted by the spores, interspaces somewhat venose.
Stem equal or nearly so, solid or spongy within, reddish or rosy tinted, paler than the pileus.
Spores bright ochraceous-buff, globose, verruculose, 10 p.; pileus 5 to 10 em. broad; stem 3.5 to 5 em. long, 12 to 20 mm. thick. Edible.
Ground in woods. Fort Sheridan. August.
62 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Russula ochracea Fr.
Pileus pale ochraceous, soft, convex, then expanded and de- pressed, margin coarsely striate, pellicle thin, viscid, disk usually becoming darker.
Lamellae slightly adnexed, broad, scarcely crowded, ochra- ceous.
Stem ochraceous, slightly wrinkled longitudinally, stuffed, soft. Taste mild.
Spores globose, echinulate, ochraceous, 10 to 12 »; pileus 7.5 em, broad; stem about 3.5 em. long, 10 to 14 mm. thick.
Grassy places in deciduous woods. Glen Ellyn. June. Stem ochraceous but paler than the pileus; taste mild; flesh very pale- ochraceous; lamellae pale-ochraceous with a slight greenish tint.
CANTHARELLUS.
Hymenophore continuous with the stem, descending un- changed into the trama; lamellae thick, fleshy-waxy, fold-like, somewhat branched, obtuse at the edge. Fleshy, membrana- ceous fungi, without a veil. Spores white.
Not hygrophanous. =" sere 63 eek ae 1 Hygrophanous::..:.5 25,009 eee oe eee en 2 Plant yellow; lamellae concolorous, stem: solid’. 25.33 2s4 5 eee ee C’. cibarius. Plant orange; lamellae darker, stem sbuilied.. ..J5. cos oto ene eee C. aurantiacus. 2. Plant. dingy or brownish when moist; stem hollows. .: 2 aut: ee oe C. infundibuliformis.
Cantharellus cibarius Fr.
Pileus fleshy, firm, convex, becoming expanded or slightly depressed, glabrous, yellow, the margin at first involute, then spreading and often wavy or irregular.
Lamellae narrow, thick, distant, decurrent, branched or anas- tomosing, yellow.
Stem firm, glabrous, solid, yellow.
Spores elliptical, pale yellowish, 7.5 to 10». long. Pileus 2.5 to 10cm. broad; stem 2.5 to 10 em. long, 6 to 12 mm. thick.
Ground in woods, throughout our district. July to October.
Plants collected at Glencoe in 1902, have exactly the characters of C. minor Pk., except that the spores are 10 x7 p., agreeing substantially with those of C. cibarius.
Cantharellus aurantiacus Wulf. (Plate VII.)
Nearly. orange-color. Pileus fleshy, soft, depressed, some- what tomentose.
Lamellae close, straight, dichotomous, of a rather deeper color.
Stem stuffed, unequal.
Pileus 5 to 7.5 em. broad; stem 5 em. long.
Among decayed leaves on and about the base of stump, Lisle.
pe The pileus is occasionally eccentric. Spores elliptical, x 4p. :
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 63
Cantharellus infundibuliformis Scop.
Pileus thin, broadly convex when young, becoming umbilicat: or funnelform with age, often pervious, frequently lobed, wavy or irregular on the margin, hygrophanous, sooty brown, brownish yellow or dingy yellow ‘when moist, grayish yellow or grayish brown and slightly floccose or fibrillose when dry.
Lamellae narrow, distant, decurrent, irregularly or dichoto- mously branched, yellowish or subcinereous, becoming pruinose with age or in drying.
Stem slender, elabrous, hollow, yellow or yellowish.
Spores bro: adly elliptic or subglobose, 9 to Wiox 7259 tor Oye. Pileus 2.5 to 5 cm. broad; stem, 2. .2 to 10 cm. long, 3 to 5 mm. thick.
Ground, in damp woods. Glencoe. Harper.
MARASMIUS.
Tough, arid fungi, shriveling, reviving when moist; hymeno- phore continuous with the stem, but heterogenous, de »scending into the trama; veil none; stem cartilaginous ' or horny: lamellae pliant, acute, somewhat distant, quite entire. Spores white.
Pileus fleshy-tough, margin at first involute, mycelium floccose. 1 Pileus membranous, mae at first straight, mycelium rhizo-
MIOTPHOUS. .. : .% - SE Use a Ntes PME, dete mean eA) 25) 1. Stem solid or stuffe d.. 2. <n So? | oe PA «ae Een ED 2, 1. Stem hollow.. 4 Rede nes Ek. ROR eS 2. Stem white- villous at the base.. te tase Viurens: 2. Stem naked at the base.. ty .......W, oreades. 3. Pileus clothed with m: atte d down.......M. dichrous. oe ileus: smooth ......... ae oe a2 4. Stem very long,tomentose, radic ating. M. longipes. 4. Stem of medium length, velvety, not PACICAUING 222 4.228). cic. . ox. MM pynocephalus: fe vem) -ClAbTOUS4. «wala ue aoe ned M. calopus. 5. Stem olabrous Set ee ery a Gk tee ash re? Spore. an iil oe Tr mee 6 5. Stem eenitee RAMUIMOSCH Ae tetey See, rectal bg ee. 2h, cee ea 7 ~ 6. Pileus ochraceous-red.................M. siccus 6. Pileus whitish, opaque................M. rotula. ¢. Pileus pure white, subpellucid............M. nigripes.
Marasmius urens Bull.
Acrid. Pileus fleshy then coriaceous, convex-plane, glabrous, even, at length wrinkled or rivulose.
Lamellae free, joined together behind, pale or yellowish, changing to brownish, at leneth remote, distant, firm.
Stem fibrous, solid, rigid, pallescent, mealy with white flocei and white villous at the base.
Pileus 2 to 3.5 em. broad; stem 5 to 7.5 em. long.
On dead leaves in woods. Frequent. Considered poisonous.
64 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Marasmius oreades Bolt.
Pileus fleshy, tough, convex then plane, somewhat umbonate, glabrous, expallent.
Lamellae free, broad, distant, white-pallid.
Stem solid, equal, the cuticle villous-interwoven, pall the base naked. Somewhat fragrant.
Pileus 2 to 3.5 cm. broad; stem 6.5 to 9 em. long.
“Growing in circles and series throughout the summer. It is famous for the rich flavor it imparts to soups and gravies. When dried it may be kept for years without losing any of its aroma or goodness.’’—Morgan.
The species has been reported from the Chicago region by several collectors. I have not found it here. It is the famed “ Fairy-ring mushroom.”
Marasmius dichrous B. & C.
Pileus convex, dark brown, clothed with close matted down, sometimes appearing velvety.
Lamellae at first adnate, separating from the stem, and some- times leaving a naked area around it, ‘moderately distant, ventri- cose, interstices nearly even.
Stem brow n, clothed with furfuraceous down, base slightly dilated, villous.
Spores white; pileus 2.5 em. or more across; stem 2.5 to 3.5 em. long, scarcely 2 mm. thick.
On dead leaves in woods. August. In the plants so referred the furfuraceous coating of the stem is whitish. The interspaces between the lamellae are usually even, but occasionally venose. The spores are elliptical or slightly pip-shaped, 7 to 8 x 4 to 5 p. Marasmius longipes Peck.
Pileus thin, convex, smooth, finely striate on the margin, tawny-red.
Lamellae not crowded, attached, white.
Stem tall, straight, equal, hollow, pruinose-tomentose, radi- cating, brown or fawn-color, white at the top.
Pileus 8 to 12 mm. broad; stem 5 to 12.5 em. long, about 1 mm. thick.
On dead leaves and twigs in woods, Glen Ellyn. June to August. Spores broadly subpyriform, or elliptical and slightly pointed at one end, 6to 7x3 to4 up.
Marasmius pyrocephalus Berk.
Pileus a little fleshy, convex then plane, umbilicate, plicate- striate, red-brown.
Lamellae adnate, lax, rather distant, somewhat ventricose, white then pallid.
Stem hollow, densely velvety, brown, pale at the apex.
Pileus 1.3 to 2.5 em. broad; stem 5 to 6.5 em. long.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 65
On dead leaves, twigs, etc., in woods, Glen Ellyn. July, August.
"The plants so referred have the pileus plicate-striate only toward the margin, while the coating of the stem is of the character of matted tomentum rather than ‘ ‘velvety.” This coating is thinner and paler toward the apex. The pileus is 12 to 25 mm. broad; stem 5 to 7.5 em. long, about 2 mm. thick; spores pip- shaped, 6 to 7 x 4 p.
Marasmius calopus Pers
Pileus a little fleshy, tough, convex-plane or depressed, even, at length rugose.
Lamellae emarginate-attached, thin, white.
Stem hollow, equal, glabrous, shining, reddish-brown.
Spores ellipsoid, 7x 4p. Pileus 2 to 3.5 cm. broad; stem 5 to 7.5 em. long.
On dead leaves and sticks in woods. July and August. Com- mon. Pileus watery-white when, wet; campanulate then flattened, stem whitish above in young plants; odor none. Spores ellipsoid, somewhat apiculate at one end, 6 to 7x 3 to 4 wp.
Marasmius siccus Schw. Pileus membranaceous, convex or campanulate, dry, glabrous, plicate-suleate, ochraceous-red, the disk a little darker. Lamellae attenuate-attached or nearly free, distant, whitish. Stem hollow, horny, glabrous, shining, blackish-brown. Pileus 1.3 to 1.8 cm. broad; stem 5 to 7.5 cm. long.
Among dead leaves in Saal July and August. Frequent. After protracted rains the plants are very large, up to 3 cm. in diameter. M. campanulatus Peck, is a synonym. A minute form with the pileus only 2 to 6 mm. broad was found at River Forest in June, 1902, growing on dead ligules of living culms of Poa pratensis. No spores were found.
Marasmius rotula Fr.
Pileus hemispherical, umbilicate and minutely umbonate, plicate, smooth, margin crenate, white or pale-buff with a dark umbilicus.
Lamellae broad, distant, attached to a free collar behind, pallid-white.
Stem slender, horny, slightly flexuous, white above, then tawny, deep shining brown at the base, striate, fistulose.
Pileus 2 to 6 mm. broad.
On twigs, leaves, ete., June to September. Our most common species. During dry weather the plants shrivel and dry up,so that they are scarcely noticed, even in localities where they are abundant. After a heavy rain they may be seen in countless numbers. Pileus 4 to 8 mm. broad; stems 2.5 to 5 em. long, very slender. Specimens collected in Schoolcraft County, Michigan, growing upon dead prostrate trunks were 2.5 cm, in diameter. With us the dimensions given above are rarely exceeded.
66 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Marasmius nigripes Schw.
Pileus membranaceous, campanulate, umbonate, — striate, somewhat pellucid, pure white.
Lamellae adnate, arcuate, rather broad, pure white, growing pale. ~ Stems somewhat bulbous, black, white-farinose.
The stems are 3.5 em. long, black but wholly covered over with a white meal which may easily be rubbed off.
On dead leaves in woods. June, July. The white-mealy covering gives the stem a leaden-gray appearance. Pileus 8 to 16, exceptionally 25 mm. broad. Spores resembling in shape the - seed of buckwheat. For a good figure of the species and of its peculiar spores, see Lloyd’s Mycological Notes, No. 107.
LENTINUS.
Pileus fleshy-coriaceous; pliant, or in fleshy species becoming hard when old, persistent; hymenophore continuous with the stem or at the base of the pileus when sessile; lamellae concrete with the hymenophore, thin, unequal, membranaceous, with the edge serrated or torn in a toothed manner. Growing on wood. Spores somewhat round, even, white.
(Hennings, in Pflanzenfamilien I:** p. 222, reduces this to a subgenus of Panus, stating that the two genera cannot be separated for the reason that “in most of the Lentinus species the lamellae are entire; being serrate only in the fleshy kinds.’’)
Pileus stipitate..2 s— ih.s-.5 oie eo oe cae eee
Pileus sessile......... J Gptudhs tied eee ag 9 ese ete dte QU GIUDE Mn SSs 1; Pileus:Scealivy >< (2... :ao oie re 2 i. Pileus*vallous-:2 3.2. 3. Cette ot ie Become 1. Pileus smooth. ... 62)... -0.). 0.23 227 Se cochivarns
2. Pileus thick, convex or depressed........L. lepideus.
2. Pileus thin, umbilicate...... fa. OO tigre:
Lentinus peliliculosus I'r.
Sessile, imbricated. Pileus tough, membranaceous, reniform, very thin, strigose, brown-tawny, the margin naked, involute.
Lamellae broad, torn, pallid. ‘Pileus strigose with a dense hairy coat like the skin of some animal.” Morgan.
On a stump of Quercus, woods, Glencoe. September, 1902. The coating of the pileus is tawny-cinnamon on the disk, paler toward the margin, and is like a very coarse tomentum, the in- dividual hairs or fibers of which are about 2 mm. in length. Spores pure white, globose, 3 ». in diameter.
Lentinus Lecomtei Fr.
Pileus fleshy-tough, infundibuliform, reflexed, hairy, tawny. Lamellae serrate, crowded, pallid.
Stem short, hairy.
Pileus 2.5 to 7.5 cm. broad.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 67
On stumps of Hicoria ovata. Frequent. Soon destroyed by insect larvae. The pileus is usually more or less irregular in shape.
Lentinus cochleatus Ir
Pileus flesh-color becoming pale, somewhat tan, fleshy-pliant, thin, commonly eccentric, imbricated, very unequal, somewhat lobed or contorted, sometimes plane, sometimes funnel-shaped- umbilicate, but not pervious, smooth.
Lamellae decurrent, crowded, serrated, white-flesh-color.
Stem solid, firm, sometimes central, most frequently eccentric, sometimes wholly lateral, always suleate, smooth, flesh-colored upward, reddish-brown downward.
Pileus 5 to 7.5 em. broad, stem 2.5 em. or more long.
On a dead stump, Lisle. August. Densely caespitose. Margin of pileus strongly incurved; stems attenuated downward. Spores white, globose, 4 jw. in diameter , with a single shining nucleus.
Lentinus lepideus Ir
Pileus pallid-ochraceous, variegated with darker, spot-like seales, fleshy, very compact and firm, irregular, commonly ec- centric, convexed then depressed but not umbilicate, sometimes broken up into cracks, flesh plant; white.
Lamellae decurrent but sinuate behind, crowded, broad, transversely striate, whitish, the edge torn into teeth.
Stem short, solid, stout, very irregularly formed, almost woody, tomentose-scaly, whitish, rooted at the base, at first furnished with a cortina at the apex.
Pileus 5 to 10 em. broad; stem commonly 2.5 em. long.
On old sidewalks, bridge timbers, etc. Summer and autumn. Frequent. Specimens found erowing on pine (or hemlock?) foundation timbers of a bridge near Glen Ellyn, in June, 1900, are referred with some doubt to this species. They vary in having the lamellae deeply and unequally decurrent in the form of interrupted lines or ridges, and have the entire surface of the whitish stem broken up into darker squarrose scales. Spores pure white, elliptic-oblong, 9 x 6 wp.
Lentinus tigrinus Bull. (Plate VI, Fig. 2.)
Pileus fleshy-coriaceous, thin, orbicular, umbilicate, whitish; scales innate, hairy, blackish.
Lamellae adnate-decurrent, very narrow, white becoming yellowish.
_ Stem slender, not striate, scaly, the apex somewhat veiled.
Pileus about 5 em. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 cm. long. Spores ellipsoid, 6.5 x 3.5 p.
On rotten stumps in wet woods, Glen Ellyn. June to October. Some of our plants have perfect lamellae; others have them more or less covered with the mycelium of some parasitic fungus. The
68 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
latter form is Lentodium squamulosum Morg. (Journ. Cin. Soe. Nat. Hist. 18, p. 36.) The perfect and imperfect forms have not been found growing upon the same stump, but the two often occur in close proximity. It is not possible to determine from an in- spection of the upper surface of the growing plants whether they have perfect or diseased gills. In many of the deformed speci- mens the original structure of the gills can be made out; in others they are so closely covered with a network of mycelial threads that the lamellae are entirely obscured. The stems of the perfect plants are slender; those of the diseased ones are apt to be some- what irregularly thickened and deformed. The spores are identical in both, being white, elliptic-oblong, 6 to 7 x 3 pn.
Prof. Peck (N. Y. Mus. Rep’t 25: 80), reports the occurrence of the species in New York, and adds: “ Nearly all the specimens had the lamellae overgrown by a dense white mass of parasitic fungoid filaments.” Professor Morgan’s plants were apparently from a locality where the species is uniformly distorted by the parasitic fungus.
PANUS.
Fleshy, coriaceous, tough, drying up, of fibrous texture, which radiates into the hymenium; lamellae concrete with the hymeno- phore, unequal, at length coriaceous, edge quite entire. Growing on wood. Spores even, white, somewhat cylindrical. Some of the fleshy forms are quite close to Pleurotus. (See Hennings’ note under Lentinus.)
Pileus 5 cm. or more broad, smooth......... P. torulosus. Pileus 3 em. or less broad, furfuraceous......P. stipticus.
Panus torulosus Fr.
Pileus somewhat flesh-color, but varying rufescent-livid and becoming violet, entire but very eccentric, fleshy, somewhat compact when young, plano-infundibuliform, even, smooth; flesh pallid.
Lamellae decurrent, somewhat distant, simple, separate be- hind, reddish then tan-color.
Stem short, solid, oblique, tough, firm, commonly with gray but often violaceous down.
Pileus 5 to 7.5 em. broad, stem about 2:5 em. long; spores (ah. gro ay
On stumps. River Forest. November.
Panus stipticus Fr.
Pileus cinnamon, becoming pale, arid, thin, reniform, pruinose, the cuticle separating into furfuraceous scales.
Lamellae ending determinately thin, very narrow, crowded elegantly connected by veins, cinnamon.
Stem definitely lateral, compressed, dilated upwards, ascend- ing, pruinose, paler than the lamellae.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 69
Gregarious, cespitose; taste very astringent. Pileus 1.5 to 2.5 em. broad; stem not reaching 2.5 cm. in length. Spores obovoid-sphaeroid, 2 to 3 x 1 to 2 p.
On stumps. Autumn, Common.
LENZITES.
Tubes near the point of attachment, elongate, radiating, formed by the anastomosing of lamellae which are free at the
margin.
Sessile, or accidentally resupinate. Pileus pallid, margin concolorous... .... ....L. betulina. Pileus tawny- -yellow, becoming date- brow n, Mar-
Giigy cllowisiiee. \< fees tea et cnn cw ee L. sepvaria. Pileus dull-brown or grayish-brown, margin
CIMCRCOUSIN tue Gree tse ead raat ule eeremenet iowa L. vialis.
Lenzites betulina Ir
Pileus dimidiate, sessile, persistent, corky-coriaceous, obos- letely zonate, tomentose, pallid.
Lamellae straight, somewhat branched, anastomosing, sordid white.
On stumps, frequent. July to autumn, persisting through the winter. Pileus 5 to 7.5 em. broad, projecting 2.5 to 5 cm., often imbricated and laterally concrescent; spores white, oblong, 6 to
x 3 p., often curved.
Lenzites sepiaria I'r
Pileus tawny-yellow when young (remaining so on the margin when full grown), becoming date-brown when full grown and black w hen old, corky-coriaceous, hard, convex becoming plane, sometimes orbicular, more frequently extended longitudinally, zoned, strigose-tomentose, at length squamulose and pittec d: flesh tawny.
Lamellae extended to the base, very rigid and firm, branched, more or less anastomosing, yellowish becoming umber, the edge entire or slightly toothed.
On pine stumps and prostrate trunks, Millers. On the stump of a pine street tree, Wheaton. At the first the border of the pileus is whitish and somewhat floccose-tomentose, but soon changes to orange-tawny. When growing on the sides of a stump the plants are dimidiate and imbricated ; those growing on the flat, squared surface of a stump remain more or less orbicular, forming resup- inate areas with a narrow gill-bearing border.
Lenzites vialis Pk. (Plate VIII, Fig. 1.)
Pileus coriaceous, sessile, dimidiate or elongated, sometimes confluent, obscurely zoned, subtomentose, brown or grayish- brown, the margin cinereous.
Lamellae thin, abundantly anastomosing, pallid, cinereous- pruinose on the edge when fresh. Pileus 12 to 24 mm. broad.
70 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Not as bright colored as L. sepiaria, nor so distinctly zoned; the lamellae closer, thinner and more anastomosing, forming pores toward the outer margin almost as in the genus Polyporus.
On railroad ties, Evanston. Gammon. Waukegan. Usually blackened by the dirt of passing trains. On pine logs. Millers, Ind. May be a synonym of Daedalea pallido-fulva Berk.
SCHIZOPHYLLUM.
Pileus fleshless, arid; lamellae coriaceous, fan-wise branched, united above by the tomentose pellicle, bifid, split longitudinally at the edge, the two halves commonly revolute. Growing on wood.
Spores somewhat round, white.
Schizophyllum commune Fr.
Pileus adnate behind, somewhat extended, simple and lobed.
Lamellae gray then brownish-purple, villous, the edge revo- lute.
Spores very small, almost globular (W. G. Smith) ; oblong, somewhat apiculate, 5 to6x2.5p. (A. P. Morgan.)
Upper surface of the pileus whitish or gray, densely tomentose, margin strongly involute, so that the plants are conchate in form, 5 mm. to 2.5 em. broad. Spores white, oblong but somewhat irregular in outline, 5 to 6 x 1.5 ». Common on dead twigs and branches of various trees, August to January. Often growing luxuriantly during mild weather in midwinter.
VOLVARIA.
Universal veil free, persistent, distinct from the epidermis of the pileus, constituting a volva; hymenophore distinct from the stem: lamellae rounded behind and free, ventricose. Spores rosy.
Pileus viscous or glutinous... .. +. ..- +. 44.5 s5s ee ee
Pileus dry, fibrillose.:.. .0.%.2-. 8 2- » 2ne)! 02 eeee 2 1: ~ Pileus' eray,-disk umber: <4: 2%42.9ee ae V. speciosa. 4 {- .Pileusifulipinous..£7 22.50% 2-9 Seeks V. gloiocephala. 9. Pileus’7 cm: ‘or more broad), /¢. 22 -2as0 2 V. bombycina. 2) (Pileus 10 to 15,tom.) broad) ...2- 2 2 eee V. pusilla.
Volvaria speciosa Fr.
Pileus whitish, gray or umber at the disk, fleshy, globose when young, then campanulate, at length plane and somewhat umbon- ate, even, smooth, viscous; flesh soft, floccose, white.
Lamellae free, flesh-colored.
Stem solid, firm, slightly attenuated from the base as far. as the apex, when young white-villous and tomentose at the base, then becoming smooth, white. Volva bulbous rather than lax, free however, variously torn into loops, membranaceous, extern- ally tomentose, white.
Pileus 7.5 to 12.5 em. broad; stem 10 to 20 em. long, as much as 2.5 em. thick. Spores ellipsoid or ellipsoid-sphaeroid, 12 to 18 x 8 to 10 pz.
Rich soil of an alley; Ravenswood. May. Pepoon.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY rl
Volvaria gloiocephala I'r.
Pileus fuliginous, fleshy, campanulate then expanded, um- bonate, smooth, glutinous, striate at the margin.
Lamellae free, reddish.
Stem solid, smooth, becoming fuscous or tawny, the volva which is circularly split, pressed close.
Pileus about 7.5 em. broad; stem 15 em. or more high, about 1.5 em. thick in the center, attenuated upwards, bulbous at the base. Smell strong and unpleasant, taste disagreeable. Very poisonous.
Roadside in decaying rubbish at the edge of a woodpile, near Riverside, May, 1899. The specimens were determined as above by Mr. C. G. Lloyd. It may, however, be V. speciosa. More material is needed to set aside all doubt.
Volvaria bombycina Schaeff.
Pileus fleshy, soft, campanulate then expanded, subumbonate, silky, fibrillose, self-colored.
Lamellae flesh-colored. Stem solid, attenuated, smooth. Volva very large.
On decay ed wood.
A single specimen was found by Mr. Arthur Gammon, upon a dead street tree (Acer dasycarpum), Wheaton, October, 1898. Our plant has a pileus 7 cm. in diameter; stem 7.5 em. long, 12 mm. thick. Spores broadly ellipsoid or subglobose, 6 to 7 x 5 p. The stem is curved upward like that of Pleurotus ulmarius; the lamellae somewhat crowded and remarkably distant, there being an interval of 3 to 5 mm. between their point of insertion and the apex of the stem. A single specimen was found by Miss Jennette Lawrence, upon a livi ing street tree, Wheaton, June, 1900, and one by Mr. John W. Sercomb, in woods at Dolton, July, 1901.
Volvaria pusilla Pers.
Pileus explanate, white, fibrillose, dry, striate, center slightly depressed when mature.
Lamellae white, becoming flesh-color, free, distant.
Stem white, glabrous. Volva split to the base into four nearly equal segments. Spores broadly ellipsoid, almost globose, 5 to 6 p.
Among weeds in a garden, Wheaton, July, 1902... The follow- ing additional characters are noted. Lamellae broad, rounded behind, very broad and truncate in front. Stem slightly pubes- cent at the apex. Volva membranous, pallid, wholly above the ground, split nearly to the base into three subequal segments. Pileus 10 mm. broad; stem 15 mm. long, a little more than a millimeter thick. Spores pink, subglobose, 5 to 6 p.
2 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
PLUTEUS.
Without a volva or ring; hymenophore distinct from the stem; lamellae rounded behind and free, cohering at the first, white, then flesh-colored, occasionally tinged with yellow. Growing on or near trunks. Spores rosy.
ileus with a smooth pellicles 7.2.4..7 222.28 P. cervinus. faites sranulose oraibrilloserxacn. 35.5 2.5 6. Se eee 1 1. Stem concolorous with the pileus........ P. granularis. 1.3 Stemi “whitese.: . tse oe ee ee eee. P. nanus.
Pluteus cervinus Schaeff.
Pileus fleshy, somewhat fragile, campanulate then expanded, obtuse, when young covered over with a continuous pellicle which is viscid in wet weather, becoming even, smooth, fuliginous, but gradually broken up into fibrils or squamules, margin entire and naked; flesh soft, white.
Lamellae rounded behind, wholly free, crowded, ventricose, somewhat crenulated, white then flesh-color.
Stem solid, firm, equal, white but externally reticulated or striate with black fibrils.
On stumps and fallen trunks. Frequent. May to November. Pileus 5 to 7.5 ecm. broad; stem 7.5 to 10 cm. long, 8 to 12 mm. thick. Spores in our plants subsphaeroid, slightly irregular, 5 to 6 pw.
Pluteus granularis Pk.
Pileus convex or nearly plane, subumbonate, granulose or granulose-villose, varying in color from yellow to brown.
Lamellae rather ‘broad, crowded, ventricose, whitish then flesh-colored.
Stem equal, solid, colored like the pileus, often paler at the top, velvety-pubescent, rarely squamulose.
Pileus 3.5 to 5 em. broad; stem 3.5 to 7.5 cm. long, 2to 4mm. thick. Spores subglobose or broadly elliptical, 6 to 7.5 x 5 to 6 pw. Decaying wood and prostrate trunks in woods, June to September.
On dead wood. Bowmanville. July. Collected and identi- fied by Wyrick.
Pluteus nanus Pers.
Pileus convex, rather thin, fibrillose or somewhat mealy, brown.
Lamellae rather broad, a little narrower outwardly, white, becoming pale flesh-color, free.
Stem white, firm, striate, solid.
Pileus about 2 2.5 em. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 em. long.
On decaying stumps in woods. Glen Ellyn and River Forest. June and July. Spores globose, about 5 p.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 73
ENTOLOMA.
Veil wanting; stem fibrous, soft, sometimes waxy; pileus some- what fleshy, margin incurved; hymenophore continuous with the stem; lamellae sinuate-adnexed behind or separating. Growing on the ground. Spores rosy, angular. ;
Pileus hygrophanous . Boren ak tel che eee eee ee SNS MOUMyPLOPMANOUSE D2 occ cease ds note pend eo 1. Stem fibrillose, stuffed then hollow......#. clypeatum.
ff orem smooth, hollow... .2........-: _..E. rhodopolium. 2. Stem solid, white. . are ..E. grande. 2. Stem becoming hollow, Ww hite streaked with folachkoMny teen 5.) tere dave es cas Wg eee So. micas.
Entoloma clypeatum L.
Pileus lurid when moist, when dry gray and variegated streaked with darker spots or lines, fleshy, campanulate then flattened, umbonate, smooth, fragile.
Lamellae rounded-adnexed, ‘separating free, 6 to 12 mm. broad, ventricose, somewhat distant, dingy, then red- -pulverulent with the spores, serrulated on the edge, chiefly behind.
Stem stuffed, at length hollow, wholly fibrous, equal, round, fragile, longitudinally fibrillose, becoming cinereous, pulverulent at the apex
Pileus 7.5 cm. broad; stem 7.5 em. long, 6 to 12 mm. thick.
On the ground in woods. Riverside. May. Wyrick. Ac- cording to MclIlvane the species 1s poisonous.
Entoloma rhodopolium ['r.
Pileus hygrophanous, when young or moist fuscous or livid, becoming pale when full grown, when dry isabelline-livid, suky- shining, slightly fleshy, sampanul: ute then expanded and some- what umbonate, at length rather plane and sometimes depressed, fibrillose when young, smooth when full grown; flesh white.
Lamellae adnate then separating, somew hat sinuate, slightly distant, 4 to 8 mm. broad, white then rose-color.
Stem hollow, equal when smaller, when larger attenuated upwards, and white pruinate at the apex, otherwise smooth, slightly striate, white.
Spores irregular, angled, 6 to 10 pu.
A plant found in the woods at Dolton, by Mr. J. W. Sercomb, was referred by him to this species. In luxuriant specimens the stems were enlarged at the apex, in smaller ones equal. Spores with irregular angles, 8 to 10 pm.
Entoloma grande Pk.
Pileus fleshy, thin towards the margin, glabrous, nearly plane when mature, commonly broadly umbonate and rugosely wrinkled about the umbo, moist in wet weather, dingy yellow ish-white verging to brownish or grayish-brown; flesh white; odor and flavor farinaceous.
74 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Lamellae broad, subdistant, slightly adnexed, becoming free or nearly so, often wavy or uneven on the edge, whitish, ae flesh-colored at maturity.
Stem equal or nearly so, solid, somewhat fibrous erie mealy at the top, white.
Pileus 10 to 15 cm. broad; stem 10 to 15 em. long, 16 to 24 mm. thick; spores angular, 8 to 10 HM.
ecinats agreeing with the description, except in size, were found -by Mr. Gammon, growing on the ground in woods at Glen Ellyn, September, 1900. In these plants the pileus was only 9 cm. broad, the stems 11.5 em. long, about 18 mm. thick; spores angular, about 9 pw.
Entoloma nigricans Pk.
Pileus thin, convex, becoming irregularly expanded and cen- trally depressed, innately silky-fibrillose, shining, dark-gray or blackish, the cuticle often radiately cracking, inodorous.
Lamellae broad, subdistant, sinuate, adnate, salmon color.
Stem equal, silky-fibrillose, solid then hollow, shining, white streaked with black, sometimes scurfy at the top.
Spores salmon-color, angular, uninucleate, 8 to 12 wu. long, nearly as broad. Pileus 2.5 to 4 cm. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 cm. long, ‘4 to 8 mm. thick.
In low woods, River Forest, August, 1905. Easily overlooked as the surface of the pileus is colored.so nearly like the dead leaves and naked earth on which the plant grows. Lamellae at first whitish, irregularly attached, sometimes deeply sinuate and adnate, sometimes scarcely sinuate but somewhat decurrent. Spores about 10 yp. in diameter.
CLITOPILUS.
Stem fleshy or fibrous, diffused upward into the pileus, the margin of which is at first involute; hymenophore continuous with the stem; lamellae equally attenuated and somewhat de- current, not separating or sinuate. Growing on. the ground. Spores rosy.
Pileus silky-tomentose::.:.:....24.522s226e5-5 C. abortivus. Fileus finely pruimose.....-.................. 0) praia ious ela bTOUS= ice hone as &5.9 Se? See C’. caespitosus.
Clitepilus abortivus Bb. & C.
Pileus fleshy, firm, convex or nearly plane, regular or ir- regular, dry, clothed with a minute silky tomentum, becoming smooth with age, gray or grayish-brown; flesh white, taste and odor subfarinaceous.
Lamellae thin, close, slightly or deeply decurrent, at first whitish or pale gray, then flesh-colored.
Stem nearly equal, solid, minutely flocculose, sometimes fibrous-striate, colored like or paler than the pileus.
Spores irregular, 7.5 to 10 x 6 pn.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 75
On the ground in woods, Bowmanville, Thatchers and Glen Ellyn. September and October. Somewhat gregarious and cespitose. Pileus 5 to 10 cm. broad, stem 2.5 to 10 cm. long. The stem is often pure white downwards, usually cottony-tomen- tose about the base. An intricate plexus of mycelium intermixed with dead leaves, earth or twigs usually adheres to the plant when it is pulled up. The spores are subelliptic in general out- line, but very irregular, often apiculate at one of the angles.
Clitopilus prunulus Scop.
Pileus white or cinereous, fleshy, compact, convex then flat- tened and at length depressed and repand or unequal, delicately pruinose; flesh thick, white.
Lamellae deeply decurrent, attenuated at both ends, some- what distant, entire, white then flesh-color.
Stem solid, firm, somewhat ventricose, naked, often striate, white, villous at the base.
Pileus 5 to 10 em. broad; stem 2.5 em. long, about 12 mm. thick.
On the ground among dead leaves in woods, Glen Ellyn. August and September. Pileus 5 to 10 cm. broad, very much waved or lobed, pure white, odor farinaceous. Spores flesh-color, ellipsoid, bluntly pointed at one or both ends, 12 x 6 p.
Clitopilus caespitosus Pk.
Pileus at first convex, firm, regular, shining, white, then nearly plane, fragile, often irregular or eccentric, glabrous but with a slight silky luster, even, whitish; flesh whitish, taste mild.
Lamellae narrow, thin, crowded, often forked, adnate or slight- ly decurrent, whitish, becoming dingy or brownish-pink.
Stems cespitose, solid, silky-fibrillose, slightly mealy at the top, white.
Spores 5x 4 p. Pileus 5 to 10 cm. broad; stem 3 to 7.5 cm. long, 4 to 8 mm. thick.
In long grass in Chicago parks. September. Dr. Watson.
LEPTONIA.
Stem cartilaginous, tubular (the tube hollow or stuffed), polished, somewhat shining; pileus thin, umbilicate or with a darker disk, cuticle fibrillose or separating into darker scales, margin at first incurved; lamellae at first adnexed or adnate, but readily separating. The species are small and brightly colored, growing in troops. Spores rosy, irregular.
Leptonia asprella Ir.
Pileus hygrophanous, at first fuliginous then livid-gray, some- what membranaceous, convex then flattened, the darker um- bilicus villous at length squamulose marked with spots, striate, sometimes (the disk excepted) smooth, sometimes fibrillose.
76 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Lamellae adnate, separating free, somewhat distant, plane, equally attenuated from the stem toward the margin, whitish- ray. : ‘Stem cartilaginous, fistulose, thin, equal, tense and straight, even, smooth, typically livid, white villous at the base. The stem varies fuscous, green and azure-blue.
Pileus 2.5 to 3.5 em. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 em. long, scarcely 2 mm. thick.
Among mosses, border of swamp, Millers. August. Pileus 12 mm. to 2.5 em. broad; stem bluish lead-color, 2.5 to 6 cm. long; spores irregular, somewhat angled, apiculate at one end, about 10 x 7 p.
ECCILIA.
Stem cartilaginous, hollow or stuffed, expanding upward into the pileus, which is more or less membranous and at first inflexed at the margin; lamellae attenuated behind, decurrent.
Eccilia rhodocylix Lasch.
Pileus membranous, rugulose, floccose, soft, umbilicate then infundibuliform, remotely striate when moist, flocculose when dry.
Lamellae strongly decurrent, distant, thick, whitish then flesh-color.
Stem stuffed, slender, incurved, even, smooth, cinereous.
Spores oval, pentangular, 10 pz.
On mossy ground in moist woods, Glen Ellyn, June, 1905. The pileus is dark gray and sulcate-striate when moist, whitish- gray and finely silky-striate when dry. The stem is thickened above, mouse-color and semi-pellucid when moist, grayish and opaque when dry, often with a tuft of white silky fibers at the base. Taste mild, mealy. Pileus 5 to 15 mm. broad; stem 15 to 25 mm. long, 1 to 2 mm. thick; spores rosy-pink, pentangular, 8 to 10 w., often with an oblique apiculus at one of the angles.
E. pentagonospora Atk. (Journ. Myce. 8: 113) may perhaps be a synonym, the description agreeing well with the hygrophanous state of our plant.
CLAUDOPUS.
Pileus eccentric, lateral or resupinate; spores rosy or salmon- colored. Growing on wood, rarely on the ground.
Piles WelOwe itecs.s 2 fas + «oak. Gera sak eee C. nidulans.
Pileus WHITE. <i cer oach~ S92 Stee! « Glee C. variabilis. ileus OT ay’. sso: owed hee pa doko Os C’. byssisedus. Claudopus nidulans Pers. (Pilate VIII, Fig. 2.)
Pileus sessile or rarely narrowed behind into a short, stem-like base, often imbricated, suborbicular, dimidiate or reniform, tomentose, somewhat strigose-hairy or squamulose-hairy toward the margin, yellow or buff color, the margin at first involute.
Lamellae rather broad, moderately close, orange-yellow.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY ie
On decaying trunks of Populus, woods, Glencoe. Autumn. The fresh plant has a strong, unpleasant odor. According to Prof. Morgan, this is the same as Panus dorsalis Bose.
Pileus 2.5 to 10 em. broad, projecting 2.5 to 7.5 em.; spores elliptical, sightly curved, 6 to 7.5 x 3 to 4 pu.
Claudopus variabilis Fr
Pileus white, slightly fleshy, resupinate then reflexed, even, tomentose, sessile or with a very short stem.
Lamellae broad, radiating from a lateral or eccentric point, white then pink.
Pileus 8 to 16 mm. broad; spores even, ellipsoid, rusty-pink, Ges jt.
On dead leaves, twigs and grasses, Lombard. Lamellae at first white, at leneth rusty- -pink. Spores oblong or elliptic- oblong, often curved. .
Claudopus byssisedus Pers.
Pileus gray, becoming pale when dry, slightly fleshy, at length horizontal, reniform, plane, even, villous; flesh of the same color, thin.
Lamellae adnate-decurrent, ventricose, rather broad, whit'sh- cinereous then rubiginous with the spores.
Stem incurved, villous, attenuated upwards, zoned at the base with white cottony fibrils.
On the ground in a shaded clay bank, Glen Ellyn. August. Among moss on a rotten stump, Riverside. July. Spores rosy flesh-color, irregularly angled with an apiculus at one end, 10 x to 8 p.
PHOLIOTA.
Lamellae not separating readily from the hymenophore; ring continuous (not arachnoid). Spores ferruginous, ochraceous- ferruginous or fuscus-ferruginous. The genus passes into Flam- mula without distinct limits.
FLEUS Ob My STOPMANOUS..... 42. on che. Fey ce bos ta eee 1 EWeusayOTODRANOUS: 5 m4-. .ohe ws ce eee eee P. marginata. 1. Pileus CUE VO ee ksi Ga ERC end on tpg 2s ee 2 ee LCUSUVASCIGice acta ets aa w ikte schlieren. ae 3 ihe 2. Pileus smooth, stem white........ 3 i PRGeCor: 2. Pileus innate-flocculose, stem light -ye ellow... .P. curvipes. 3. Pileus yellow, stem scaly............... P. adiposa. 3. Pileus tawny, stem fibrillose............ P. comosa.
Pholiota marginata Batsch.
Pileus honey-colored when moist, tan when dry, hygrophanous, slightly fleshy, convex then expanded, obtuse, even, smooth, margin striate.
Lamellae adnate, crowded, thin, narrow, at first pallid then darker cinnamon.
78 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Stem fistulose, equal, fibrillose or slightly striate, not scaly, of the same color as the pileus, but becoming fuscous and com- monly white-velvety at the base.
Pileus 2.5 cm. or more broad; stem 5 cm. long, 2 to 4 mm. thick.
Spores 7 to 8x4yp. (Massee.)
On rotten logs in woods. Autumn. Our plants are referred with some doubt to this species, although they agree well with the figure in Atkinson’s Studies, f. 143. They have, however,
some of the characters ascribed to P. mutabilis Schaeff. The .
lamellae instead of being adnate, are sometimes, in large specimens, plainly decurrent; the pileus is cinnamon when moist; the stem which is often incurved from position, is commonly enlarged downwards, stuffed then hollow. The spores are ovate, ferrugi- nous, 10x 6 pn.
Pholiota praecox Pers.
Pileus whitish then tan-color, fleshy, soft, convex, soon plane, obtuse, even, smooth, moist in rainy weather; flesh soft, white.
Lamellae rounded-adnexed, crowded, whitish then fuscous.
Stem stuffed, hollow upwards, equal, even, fragile, at first mealy with white flocci then somewhat naked, white; ring entire, reflexed, white.
Spores sphaeroid-ellipsoid, 8 to 15 x 5 to 7». Pileus 7.5 em. broad; stem 7.5 to 10 em. long, 6 to 8 mm. thick.
On railroad station grounds, Wheaton, June, 1905. In all of our specimens the veil is wholly appendiculate, leaving no trace on the stem. On this account they were referred to the genus Hebeloma. Prof. Peck, however, assures me that the plant is Pholiota praecox, and states that it is variable in the method of attachment of the veil. The upper part of the stem is strongly granular-pubescent. The lamellae in drying become much darker than the color of the spores. Mr. Worthington G. Smith, in Synopsis of Basidiomycetes in the British Museum, p. 121, has proposed a new genus, J'ogaria, for this and other species of Pholiota in which the pileus is nearly distinct from the fleshy stem.
Pholiota curvipes Fr.
Pileus tawny-yellow or orange, fleshy, thin but slightly firm and tough, convex then expanded, obtuse, w holly innate-flocculose then torn into minute scales, dry, not hygrophanous.
Lamellae adnate, crowded, light yellowish, at length tawny, edge white, at length floecose-crenate.
Stem fistulose, “equal, incurved, tough, fibrillose or delicately squamulose, light yellow. Ring rarely manifest, commonly floecose- radiate, soon vanishing.
Pileus 2 to 5 em. broad; stem 2 .5 to 3.5 cm. long, 2 mm. or a little more thick.
On a rotten log of Tilia americana in woods. Glen Ellyn. June. Pileus 2 to 3 em. broad, the curved stem 1.5 to 2.5 em.
e atin o
ai* = etn
a
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 79
long. Spores ellipsoid, ochraceous-tawny, 7 x 4 p. The scales of the pileus are brown-tipped when the plants are mature,
Pholiota adiposa Ir.
Pileus fleshy, firm, at first hemispherical or subconical, then convex, viscid when moist, shining when dry, squamose, yellow: flesh whitish.
Lamellae close, adnate, yellowish, becoming ferruginous with age.
Stem equal or slightly thickened at the base, squamose below the slight radiating annulus, solid or stuffed, yellow, generally ferruginous at the base.
Pileus 5 to 10 em. broad; stem 5 to 10 em. long, 8 to 12 mm. thick; spores ellipsoid, 7.5 x 5 p.
Decayed crevices in bark, or knot-holes in living trees. Thatchers, Wyrick. Wheaton, Gammon. A colony of over fifty plants was found in the hollow trunk of a living street tree, Wheaton, October, 1900. The species is edible.
Pholiota comosa Fr. (Plate IX, Fig. 1.)
Pileus tawny, sprinkled with paler, superficial separating scales, fleshy, convex then flattened, obtuse, viscous; flesh com- pact, white.
Lamellae adnate-decurrent, not much crowded, white, be- coming fuscous clay-color.
an solid, when young very compact, hard, somewhat bul- bous then elongated, somewhat equal, fibrillose, white. Ring more or less in the form of a cortina, floecose, moderately per- sistent.
On decorticated log of Ulmus americana. Woods, River Forest. October, 1903. Identified by Prof. Peck. The spores in mass on white paper are rich umber, not “fuscous-ferruginous ” as above described. They measure 10 x 6 up.
INOCYBE.
Universal veil somewhat fibrillose, concrete with the cuticle of the pileus, often free at the margin in the form of a cortina; lamellae somewhat sinuate, changing color; spores rough or even, gees ert ueimous.
Stem stuffed . RCS ce et Po ee, oe Stem solid. oe sae cette 240) ae 1. Pileus campanulate, subumbonate, stem bulbous, spores stellate......... I. asterospora. 1. Pileus conico-expanded, stem not bulbous, SOLES SMOOUM os... te eee ee sd. Geophylla. 2. Pileus obtuse, umber, becoming yellowish, SORES WOU ee) oi ae re I. lanuginosa. 2. Pileus convex-expanded, umbonate, tawny- @lay, spores rough...................... I. rigidipes.
2. Pileus conic- campanulate t then expanded, yel- low-brown, spores smooth............... I. rimosa.
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Inocybe asterospora Quel.
Pileus bistre, stuffed with brown striae, convex, umbonate, cracked.
Lamellae emarginate, ventricose, whitish-bistre then cinnamon.
Stem stuffed, firm, bulbous, furnished with a separable cuticle, reddish, pubescent, with brown striae.
Spores subglobose, warted, 10 to 11 p.
Under trees in open woods. Winfield. September. Pileus 1.5 to 2.5 em. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 em. long. The bulb is small and submarginate. Bears a superficial resemblance to I. rimosa, but the spores of the latter species are even.
Inocybe geophylla Sow.
Pileus normally white, somewhat fleshy, conical thenexpanded, umbonate, dry, becoming silky-even, then covered with long longitudinal fibrils from the cuticle gaping open; flesh white.
Lamellae rather broad, crowded, ventricose, almost free, whitish then clay-fuscous, at length earth-colored.
Stem stuffed, slightly firm, equal, commonly tense and straight, smooth, white or tinged with the color of the pileus and white- mealy at the apex; cortina fibrillose.
The pileus varies in color, violaceous-lilac, fuscous, brick-red or yellowish.
Pileus 1 to 2 em. high and broad; stem 5 to 7.5 cm. long, 2 to 4 mm. thick.
Woods, Winfield, Glen Ellyn and Glencoe. June and July. Pileus in our plants often nearly white, varying isabelline.
Inocybe lanuginosa Bull.
Pileus umber, becoming yellow, slightly fleshy; campanulate becoming expanded, somewhat umbonate, floccose-scaly; flesh of pileus and stem whitish.
Lamellae separating free, broad, ventricose, crowded, pallid clay-color.
Stem solid, tough, equal, whitish-fuscous, squamulose-fibril- lose with fuscous down at the base, white-pulverulent at the apex.
Pileus 2.5 em. broad; stem 3 to 5 em. long, 2 to 4 mm. thick.
On the ground in woods, Glencoe. According to Massee, Agaricus sabuletorum B. and C., Grev. 19: 103, is a synonym.
Inocybe rigidipes Pk.
Pileus thin, convex or subcampanulate becoming expanded, umbonate, squamulose, striate on the margin when dry, tawny- eray.
Lamellae broad, subdistant, narrowed behind, slightly ad- nexed, tawny-ochraceous, commonly whitish on the edge.
Stem rather slender, flexuous, rigid, firm, solid, slghtly pruinose, colored like the pileus.
Spores globose, echinate, 12.5 ». Pileus 12 to 24 mm. broad; stem 4 to 6 cm. long, 2 mm. thick.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY ~° 81
On the ground in open woods. Winfield. September. Mr. Massee, in Monograph Inocybe, Ann. Bot. 18: 459, states that this is a synonym of J. calospora Quel., the cystidia and spores being identical. Our specimens agree with Professor Peck’s de- scription as given above, but differ ‘from the description and figure Ont. calospora (Bres. Fung. Trid. I: 19, tab. 21) in having the pileus wholly fibrillose- -squamulose, and the stem flexuous and pruinose throughout. Prof. Peck notes that the dried shriveled stems resume their fresh plump condition when soaked in water, a character well shown in our plants.
Inocybe rimosa Bull.
Pileus yellowish, varying rufescent and date-brown, fleshy, conic-campanulate then flattened, at length reflexed, umbonate, somewhat fibrillose, longitudinally cracked, disk even or cracked; flesh firm, white.
Lamellae very much attenuated behind, free or slightly ad- nexed, somewhat ventricose, whitish becoming fuscous, at le neth ferruginous, edge serrulated, pallid.
Stem solid, firm, longitudinally fibrous within, occasionally bulbous, mhealy upwards, becoming yellow or fuscous.
Pileus 2.5 to 5 cm. broad; stem 5 to 7.5 cm. long, 6 to 8 mm. thick. Spores ellipsoid, even, 10 to 14x 5to 8p. Odor earthy. Subgregarious.
The plant so referred is our most common species, being found under trees and in grassy places in open woods during late summer and autumn; usually gregarious. The lamellae, however, are broadly emarginate, and, while slightly attached, are decurrent- toothed; otherwise the species agrees well with the above descrip- tion and with Cooke’s figure, IIl’st. pl. 384. The bulb, which is flattened above, is found only in large specimens. ‘The stem, though tough elsewhere, is fragile at the very base, and unless the plants are taken up carefully the bulb may be left in the ground unnoticed.
HEBELOMA.
Partial veil fibrillose or wanting; stem fleshy, fibrous, clothed somewhat mealy at the apex; margin of the pileus at first incurved; lamellae sinuate-adnate, the edge more or less of a different color, whitish; cuticle of the pileus. continuous, smooth, somewhat viscid.
Spores somewhat clay-colored. Growing on the ground. Lamellae rounded-adnexed, stem at length
| QILOR ,EE H. crustiliniforme. Lamellae strongly emarginate, stem solid..... H. fastibile.
Hebeloma crustiliniforme Bull.
Pileus pale whitish-tan, pale yellowish or brick-color at the disk, fleshy, convex-plane, obtuse or slightly gibbous with an obtuse umbo, somewhat repand, even, smooth, at first slightly viscid.
.
82 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Lamellae rounded-adnexed, crowded, whitish then clay-color, at length date-brown, distilling watery drops in wet weather.
Stem stuffed then hollow, stout, somewhat bulbous, white, naked, white-squamulose at the apex.
Gregarious in a lawn. Wheaton. In plants that appeared in August, the pileus was 2.5 to 5 em. broad; in those occurring in September and October it was much larger, up to 10 em., and often rimosely cracked when old. It has the odor of radish. Spores ellipsoid, 10 to 12 x 5 to 6 np.
Hebeloma fastibile Fr.
Pileus yellowish, tan, or becoming pale, compactly fleshy, convex-plane, obtuse, somewhat repand, even, smooth, the in- volute margin pubescent.
Lamellae remarkably emarginate, somewhat distant, rather broad, dingy clay-color, edge whitish, distilling drops in rainy weather.
Stem solid, wholly fleshy-fibrous, often twisted, white-silky and fibrillose, pallid, white-scaly upwards. :
Pileus 5 to 6.5 em. broad; stem 5 to 6.5 cm. long, 12 mm. thick.
On the ground in shaded thicket, Glen Ellyn. September. The stem in our plant is somewhat hollow, and the pileus whitish, approaching the variety alba. Spores ochraceous clay-color, 9tol0Ox6to7 pz.
FLAMMULA.
Veil fibrillose or none; pileus fleshy, the margin at first in- volute; lamellae decurrent or adnate without a sinus. Usually growing on wood. Spores mostly pure ferruginous, occasionally tawny-ochraceous or fuscous-ferruginous.
Pileus dry...... Cae alg Bede et, Pileus viscid......... » We A 2 1. Pileus golden tawny. rege sapinea. 1. Pileus pale 3 yellow or buff. _F’, magna. 2. Pileus greenish-yellow or purplish.. _F. polychroa. 2. Pileus pale-w hitish.. _F. lenta. 2. Pileus light-yellow.. _.F. spumosa.
Flammula sapinea Fr. vl ate IX, Fig. 2.)
Pileus fleshy, compact, hemispherical or convex, becoming expanded, obtuse, dry, slightly flocculose- squamulose when young, often becoming rimose and paler with age, golden-tawny, paler and shining on the margin; flesh yellowish, odor strong.
Lamellae broad, close, adnate, becoming tawny-cinnamon.
Stem short, often unequal or irregular, compressed and sul- cate, stuffed or hollow, yellowish or pallid.
Pileus 2.5 to 7.5 em. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 em. long, 6 to 10 mm. thick. Spores ochraceous, 7.5 x 5 p.
On rotting pine logs, Millers, Ind., October. Stem usually incurved from position.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 83
Flammula magna Pk.
Pileus fleshy, broadly convex, soft, dry, fibrillose or somewhat virgate, pale yellow or buff, the margin commonly becoming revolute with age; flesh whitish or yellowish.
Lamellae close, adnate or slightly decurrent, often crisped or wavy toward the stem, ochraceous.
Stem equal or thickened toward the base, fleshy-fibrous, solid, elastic, fibrillose, colored like the pileus, brighter yellow within. Spores subellipsoid, 10 x 6 yp.
Cespitose. Pileus 10 to 15 em. broad; stem 7.5 to 10 em. long, 16 to 24 mm. thick.
Woods. Highland Park. Collected and identified by Dr. Watson.
Flammula polychroa Berk. (Piate X, Figs. 1, 2.)
Pileus convex then plane, broadly umbilicate, of many colors, at first purple, viscid, the disk fleshy.
Lamellae broad, rather distant, adnate, slightly decurrent, at first dirty-white, then brownish-purple, at le neth yellow-brown.
Stem firm, somewhat woody, at first furfuraceous; veil floccose, yellowish-purple.
Pileus 5 to 7.5 cm. broad, stem 2.5 to 3.5 cm. long; spores 6to8Sx4to5un.
On rotten trunks, Thornton, Glen Ellyn, Lisle. The pileus when moist is shining and of a peculiar greenish-yellow, the yellow tints being more pronounced toward the disk. It is clothed with flocci or scales which have the appearance of ferruginous stains. When dry, the color is yellowish-gray. The annulus is evanescent, being little more than a border of scales of larger size than those which clothe the lower portion of the stem. The stem is slender in proportion to the size of the plant.
Flammula lenta Pers.
Pileus pale-whitish, disk often clay-color, fleshy, convex then plane, obtuse, even, smooth, but very glutinous in wet weather; flesh concolorous.
Lamellae adnate, decurrent with a tooth, crowded, 2 to 4 mm. broad, whitish, at length stained with the ferruginous spores.
Stem somewhat stuffed, tough, equal, often viscid, whitish or becoming light-yellow and villous at the b: ase, clothed with white floecose reflexed seales.
Over buried roots of an oak stump. Winfield. October, 1904. Gregarious, flesh white, that of the stem at length brownish toward the base. The lower third of the stem often becomes distinctly hollow as the plants mature.
Flammula spumosa F'r.
- Pileus pallid light-yellow, disk often darker, slightly fleshy, convex then plane, somewhat umbonate, viscous, flesh pale greenish-yellow.
bho
84 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Lamellae adnate, close, pale-yellow becoming ferruginous.
Stem slender, hollow, equal or tapering downwards, yellowish, generally becoming brownish toward the base.
Pileus 2.5 to 5 cm. broad; stem 2.5 to 7.5 em. long, 4 mm. thick. Spores ellipsoid, dark ferruginous, 7.5 x 4 to 5 up.
Gregarious in a lawn. Wheaton. In open woods. Glen Ellyn. September and October. ;
NAUCORIA.
Veil none or fugacious, squamulose; stem cartilaginous, fistu- lose or spongy-stuffed; pileus more or less fleshy, convex-plane or conical, the margin at first inflexed; lamellae adnate or free, not decurrent. Growing on the ground, somewhat rooted. Spores ferruginous.
Pileus not. hysrophanous.2.. a. 23. ien ee N. semiorbicularis. iEaleus DysTophanous se yscsM aes cece oe N. vernalis.
Naucoria semiorbicularis Fr.
Pileus a little fleshy, hemispheric, expanded, even, glabrous, somewhat viscid, at length rivulose.
Lamellae adnate, very broad, close, pallid then ferruginous.
Stem slender, tough, almost straight, pale-ferruginous, shining, with a free tubular pith.
Pileus 2.5 to 5 cm. broad; stem 7.5 to 10 cm. long, 2 mm. thick.
Peaty ground in a partially drained slough, Palos Park. May. Our plants are slightly viscid when young, becoming dry. The color of the pileus in mature plants is ochraceous-tan, of the stem whitish. Spores pyriform or ellipsoid, 11 to 13 x 6 to 8 ph.
Naucoria vernalis Pk.
Pileus thin, fleshy, convex then a little depressed with a de- flexed margin, umbonate, hygrophanous, dull-yellow, darker when moist.
Lamellae narrow, attached, cinnamon-color.
Stem long, flexuous, striate-sulcate, hollow, tapering down- ward, white-villous at the base, brownish.
Pileus 2 to 3 cm. broad; stem 4 to 8 em. high, 4 to 5 mm. thick. Spores wood-brown.
Growing out of holes in the bark of rotten logs of Quercus. The plants are rooted in the rotten wood underneath the bark, so that the pileus often appears nearly sessile on the surface of the log. Often cespitose. Our plants are only occasionally umbonate. The stem is striate beneath a mealy coating. Taste farinaceous then bitter. Spores pale-brown, ellipsoidal, inequilat- eral, often with one side flat, 7 to8 x 5p. After rains, spring to autumn.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 85
PLUTEOLUS.
Pileus slightly fleshy, viscid, conical or campanulate then expanded, the margin at first straight, appressed to the stem. Lamellae rounded free, Stem subcartilaginous, separate from the hymenophore.
Pluteolus expansus Pk.
Pileus submembranaceous, becoming nearly plane or centrally depressed, viscid, plicate-striate on the margin, brownish-och- raceous, often tinged with yellow, gray, pmk or greenish hues.
Lamellae narrow, close, rounded behind, slightly adnexed pale-cinnamon or ferruginous.
Stem rather long, slender, fragile, equal or slightly tapering upward, hollow, faintly striate, pruinose, yellow or greenish- yellow.
Spores 11 to 12 x6to 7.5 w. Pileus 2.5 to 4 em. broad; stem 7.5 to 10 em. long,.2 to 4 mm. thick. Decaying wood and rich ground.
Var. terrestris Pk. Pileus grayish-yellow, tinged with green; stem greenish-yellow. Growing on rich or well manured soil.
In manured lawn. Wheaton. July. The pileus in the young plants is ovate-campanulate, viscid, dark-gray, becoming dry and changing to a’pale greenish-lemon color. Lamellae pale- yellow, becoming ferruginous. Stem pale-yellow, its flesh con- colorous, whitish below, becoming fibrillose toward the base as the plants mature. Spores pale-ferruginous, agreeing with the measurements given above.
GALERA.
Veil none or fibrillose; stem subcartilaginous, continuous with the hymenophore, tubular; pileus more or less membranous, conical or oval, then expanded, striate, the margin at first straight and adpressed to the stem; lamellae not decurrent. Plants small, mostly fragile; when young or moist the pileus has a watery or hygrophanous appearance. Spores ferruginous.
Galera tenera Schaeff.
Pileus thin, hygrophanous, somewhat membranous, - conic- campanulate, pale ferruginous and slightly striate when moist, wholly even and whitish or creamy-yellow when dry, opaque.
Lamellae adnate, ascending, rather close, linear, cinnamon.
Stem straight, slender, fragile, hollow, somewhat shining, striate upwards, colored like the pileus.
Pileus 8 to 20 mm. broad; stem 4 to 7.5 cm. long, about 2 mm. thick. Spores ellipsoid, dark-ferruginous, 12 to 16 x 7.5 to 10 p.
In lawns, grassy places in fields and woods, ete. In moist weather the plants deliquesce like species of Coprinus, the lamellae dissolving into a yellowish mass. The spores are variable, sub- globose, ellipsoid, or somewhat oblong, 10 to 12 x 6 to 7 p#., or mito 14 x 8 to 12°p.
86 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
CREPIDOTUS. . Stature various, irregular without a manifest veil; pileus eccentric, lateral or resupinate; spores yellowish-brown. Growing on wood, rarely on mosses; plants commonly with soft flesh.
Plant with a distinct stem. .................. C. tiliophilus. fiaay sessile or nearly SO... ..... 7... 1 22s. = 2 ee ee 1 1. Pileus glabrous or only slightly villous : at. the: base ic: LA eel eee 2 1... Pileus not, glabrous. 204 Geshe se 5) 2. Lamellae very narrow, decurrent......... C. applanatus. 2. Lamellae broader, rounded behind. . _C. malachius. 2. Lamellae decurrent to the base........... C. mollis. 3. Pileus white with a white villosity.....C. herbarum. 3. Pileus squamose with a tawny to- SHEN UNIMNI2 2.20 ee ee ee C. fulvotomentosus 3. Pileus reddish-yellow with a yellowish POET, 4 tS Sires SOEs does C’. dorsalis.
Crepidotus tiliophilus Pk.
Pileus moderately thin, convex, minutely pulverulent, hy- grophanous, watery-brown and striatulate on the margin when moist, dingy buff when dry.
Lamellae rather broad, subdistant, rounded behind, adnexed, colored like the pileus, becoming ferruginous-cinnamon.
Stem solid, often curved, pruinose, with a white pubescence at the base.
Pileus 12 to 24 mm. broad; stem 4 to 8 mm. long, 2 mm. thick; spores subelliptical, brownish-ferruginous, 6 to 7.5 x 4to 5p.
On bark of living Crataegus, open woods, Glen Ellyn. August. Spores somewhat irregular in shape, 6 to 8 u.; otherwise our specimens agree with “the description. The plant from which Prof. Peck’s ‘description was written grew upon dead trunks and branches of Tilia americana.
Crepidotus applanatus Fr.
Pileus very thin, variable in shape, suborbicular, reniform, cuneiform or spathulate, plane or convex, sometimes slightly depressed behind, sessile or prolonged behind into a short com- pressed white-tomentose stem-like base, glabrous, hygrophanous, watery-white and striatulate on the margin when moist, white when dry.
Lamellae very narrow, linear, crowded, decurrent, white, becoming cinnamon.
Pileus 12 to 24 mm. long, 8 to 20 mm. broad; spores globose, 5 to 6 pw. |
On stumps, woods, Glen Ellyn. July.
Crepidotus malachius B. & C.
Gregarious but scattered, horizontal; pileus smooth, white, cuneiform, subflabellate; flesh rather thick behind, very thin in front.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY S87
Lamellae at first white, then yellow-brown, ventricose, obtuse behind, thin, crowded.
Pileus 2.5 to 5 cm. broad; stem 2 to 4 mm. long, white, to- mentose; spores 5.5 p.
Decaying logs and stumps, Glen Ellyn and Riverside. July and August. Pilei up to 9 em. broad, 6 cm. long. Spores glo- bose, somewhat exceeding the dimensions given above, 6 to 7 p.
Crepidotus mollis Schaeff.
Pileus pallid then becoming hoary, gelatinous-fleshy, soft, obovate or reniform, flaccid, nearly sessile, glabrous, often im- bricated.
Lamellae decurrent to the base, close, linear, whitish then watery-cinnamon.
Spores ferruginous, elliptic, 9 x 5 to 6 p.
On rotten stumps, Glen Ellyn. August. Pileus white-to- mentose toward the base, watery-white when moist, margin often wavy, 2.5 to 6.5 cm. broad. Spores 8x 5 yw. In moist weather the pileus often becomes revolute with age, giving the plant the appearance of a globe with lamellae projecting in all cirections.
Crepidotus herbarum Pk.
Pileus thin, resupinate, suborbicular, clothed with a white, downy villosity, incurved on the margin when young, sometimes becoming reflexed, sessile, dimidiate and less downy.
Lamellae rather narrow, subdistant, radiating from a naked lateral or eccentric point, white then subferruginous.
Pileus 4 to 10 mm. broad; spores ellipsoid, 5 to 7.5 x 3.5 to 4 p.
On dead grasses, twigs, ete. Glen Ellyn. August. Crepidotus fulvotomentosus Pk.
Seattered or gregarious; pileus suborbicular, reniform or dimidiate, sessile or attached by a short, white-villose tubercle or rudimentary stem, hygrophanous, watery-brown and some- times striatulate on the margin when moist, whitish, yellowish or pale-ochraceous when dry, adorned with small, tawny hairy or tomentose scales.
Lamellae broad, subventricose, moderately close, rounded behind, radiating from a lateral or eccentric white villose spot, whitish, becoming brown-ferruginous.
Pileus 1.5 to 5 em. broad; spores ellipsoid, 7.5 to 10x 5 to 6 p.
On prostrate trunk of Acer, woods, Glen Ellyn. July. The lamellae of our plant are not broad, and are scarcely subvent- ricose.
Crepidotus dorsalis Pk.
Pileus fleshy, sessile, dimidiate or somewhat reniform, flat or a little depressed behind, with a decurved slightly striate margin, somewhat fibrillose-tomentose at the point of attachment, reddish- yellow.
8S THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Lamellae close, ventricose, rounded behind, somewhat emarg- inate, converging to a villous, whitish, lateral space, pale ochra- ceous-brown.
Spores ferruginous, globose, 6 p.
Decorticated decaying log in a moist ravine, woods, Winfield. August. Both the pileus and lamellae of the fresh plant have a pale reddish-orange tint. Pileus 15 to 30 mm. broad. Spores ochraceous-ferruginous, varying in size from 5 to 7 p.
CORTINARIUS.
Hymenophore continuous with the stem; veil arachnoid, evanescent;, lamellae persistent, arid, covered with the yellowish brown spores; trama fibrillose; spores globose or oblong. Grow- ing on the ground in woods.
Pileus viscid, clay-color or fuscous-yellowish. . ... C’. caerulescens. Pileus viscid, violet-purple j+.2.05.6. 42 «02-28 268 C. todes. MUS OI kocsis aside ee ee eee C. violaceus.
Cortinarius caerulescens Fr.
Pileus clay-color or fuscous-yellowish, fleshy, convex then plane, obtuse, regular, even, smooth, viscid.
Lamellae somewhat adnate, slightly rounded, crowded, bright azure-blue, then purplish, finally dingy-cinnamon.
Stem solid, attenuated upwards from the marginate bulb, firm, at first fibrillose and violet-color, then naked, becoming pallid. Cortina fibrillose, fugacious.
Spores subellipsoid, 9 to 10 x 5 to 6 w. Pileus 5 to 7 cm. broad; stem 5 cm. long, 12 mm. thick, the bulb 2 to 3 em. thick.
On the ground in woods. Glencoe and Glen Ellyn. August to October.
Cortinarius iodes B. & C.
Pileus convex then plane, viscid, firm, violet-purple; flesh thick, white; veil fugacious.
Lamellae violet then cinnamon, adnate, ventricose, sub- emarginate, ‘rregular, sometimes forked.
Stem solid, thickened below, violet or purplish-violet.
Pileus 4 to 6 em. broad; stem 5 to 7.5 cm. long; spores ellip- soid, 10 x 6 yp.
Woods, Highland Park. September. Collected and identified by Dr. Watson.
Cortinarius violaceus Fr.
Pileus convex becoming nearly plane, dry, adorned with numerous persistent hairy scales or tufts, dark-violet.
Lamellae somewhat adnate, distant, connected by veins, darker than the pileus, at length brownish-cinnamon.
Stem solid, spongy-soft, fibrillose, bulbous, dark violaceous, internally violaceous-cinereous; cortina azure-blue. Inodorous, edible.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 89
Pileus 7.5 to 15 cm. broad; stem 7.5 to 10 cm. long, 2.5 em. thick; spores 12 to 18 x 7 to 8 yp. Woods, near Chicago. Bates; Wyrick.
PAXILLUS.
Hymenophore continuous with the stem, decurrent; lamellae membranaceous, scissile, somewhat branched and here and there anastomosing behind, distinct from the hymenophore and readily separating from it. Fleshy, persistent; margin of the pileus at first involute, then continuously and oradu: illy unfolded and dilated, indeterminate. Spores dingy-w hitish or ferruginous. Paxillus involutus I'r.
Pileus compact, convex or expanded, sometimes centrally depressed, glabrous, viscid when moist, varying in color from grayish or sordid buff to ferruginous or brownish-ochraceous, the margin at first strongly involute and covered with a dense grayish tomentose villosity; flesh grayish-white or pallid.
Lamellae close, decurrent, branched and anastomosing behind, whitish, then yellowish or subferruginous, becoming reddish- brown or fuscous where cut or bruised, the interspaces venose.
Stem equal or slightly thickened at the base, central or some- times eccentric, glabrous, solid.
Pileus 2.5 to 7.5 cm. broad; stem 2.5 to 7.5 cm. long, 8 to 16 mm. thick. Spores rust- color, ellipsoid or oblong-ellipsoid, 8 to fo x6. (K.)
On the ground in woods, Glencoe. September.
AGARICUS. Stem annulate, distinct from the hymenophore; lamellae free; spores brown or blackish-brown. Growing on the ground. Lamellae flesh-colored................ l Lamellae at first whitish... . 1. Pileus whitish or rufescent. . 1. Pileus yellow.. 7: 2. Flesh thick, stem stout. 2. Flesh thin, stem slender... 3. Pileus smooth, shining-white. 3. Pileus minutely brown-scaly.... Agaricus comptulus ['r.
Pileus convex then plane, obtuse, smooth or with an appressed silkiness, yellow; flesh white, thin.
Lamellae free, crowded, broadest in front, flesh-colored then dark brown.
Stem yellowish, stuffed then hollow, slightly thickened at the base.
Pileus 5 em. broad; stem 5 cm. long, 4 to 6 mm. thick.
Rich ground in a: recently drained swamp. Palos Park. April. Ina garden, Wheaton. May. Spores ellipsoid, 12 x 7 z., fuscous- umber, marked with minute spots of a darker color.
bo Ge
. comptulus. . campestris. . silvaticus. . silvicola.
. placomyces.
, b , > pm pe pe p>
90 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Agaricus campesiris L.
Pileus fleshy, varying white and rufescent, lens-shaped- — convex then flattened, obtuse, dry, sometimes silky-even, some- times squamulose; flesh thick and soft, becoming reddish or — sometimes fuscous. |
Lamellae free, approximate, ventricose, equally attenuated at — both ends, crowded, often deliquescent, pallid flesh-color,at length — umber-fuscous. |
Stem stuffed, firm, short, bulbous when young, then somewhat — equal, even or squamulose, white; ring medial, spreading or re- — flexed, torn, often deciduous and sometimes in the form of a — cortina. .
On the ground in pastures, spring and autumn. Throughout — our district. Usually infrequent, but occasionally locally abund- ant in autumn after rains. Edible. The common mushroom of the shops. The annual product of the Chicago mushroom beds is said to be from sixty to seventy-five tons, of which fifty tons are consumed here, the remainder being shipped to nearby cities.
Agaricus silvaticus Schaeff.
Pileus somewhat ferruginous, scales rufescent or becoming fuscous, thinly fleshy, oval then campanulate and flattened, somewhat umbonate, the whole surface floccose, torn into squam- ules, the disk however often remaining continuous, and at length denuded of scales, margin often rimosely incised; flesh thin, fragile, white or rufescent.
Lamellae free, ventricose, equally attenuated at both ends, thin, arid, reddish then cinnamon-fuscous or umber-fuscous.
Stem slender, at first stuffed with a cylindrical white pith, then hollow, equal, dingy white, fibrillose below the ring and even above it, smooth; ring distant, simple, floccose beneath, some- times wide but thin and membranous, sometimes narrow, in- complete and fugacious.
Pileus 7.5 cm. broad; stem 7.5 to 9 cm. long, about a em. thick.
Woods, Lisle. August. Laxly gregarious. Lamellae at first rosy-pink, then reddish-brown, finally brownish-black. Spores broadly ellipsoidal, 5 x 3 np.
Agaricus silvicola Vitt.
Pileus convex or subeampanulate, smooth, shining white.
Lamellae close, free, acute behind, whitish then slowly becom- ing fuscous.
Stem stuffed, elongated, bulbous, white; annulus simple.
Pileus 7.5 to 15 em. broad; stem 10-to 15 em. long, 8 to 1 mm. thick; spores 6 to8 x 4 to 5 p.
Woods, Glencoe. August. Infrequent.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 91
Agaricus placomyces Pk.
Pileus thin, at first convex, becoming flat with age, whitish, brown in the center and elsewhere adorned with minute brown scales.
Lamellae close, white, then pinkish, finally blackish-brown,
Stem smooth, annulate, stuffed or hollow, bulbous, white or whitish, the bulb often stained with yellow.
Pileus 5 to 10 cm. broad; stem 7.5 to 12.5 em. long, 6 to 12 _mm. thick. It grows in the borders of hemlock woods or under
hemlock trees from July to September. (Peck.)
Gregarious on a lawn, Wheaton, after a heavy rain. October, 1902. A beautiful plant. Pileus white or creamy-tinted, some- times pinkish, everywhere beset with very small blackish-brown scales, these arranged in more or less concentric rows. The even brown disk is often obtusely umbonate. The cuticle of the pileus is separable and extends beyond the lamellae. The stem is some- times fistulose even before the pileus has expanded. Annulus radiate-lineate and granulose above, loosely floccose below. Spores subelliptical, nucleate, 5 x 4 p.
STROPHARIA.
Hymenophore continuous with the stem; veil annular; lamellae more or less adnate. Spores intense bright purple-brown, brown or slate-color.
BeeMNSGULOSe. eee cw esses sess s.... 5, Semiglobata. Stem stuffed with a separate pith... . ....S. stercoraria.
Stropharia semiglobata Batsch.
Pileus light yellow, slightly fleshy, hemispherical, not ex- panded, very obtuse, even, viscous.
Lamellae adnate, very broad, plane, clouded with black.
Stem fistulose, tense and straight, equal, even, smooth, becom- ing yellow, paler at the apex, black-pruinate with the spores, otherwise smeared with the glutinous veil which is abrupt above, terminating in an incomplete (not membranaceous) viscous distant ring.
Gregarious in manured ground, Palos Park. May. The pileus and stem:are viscid when moist, smooth and shining when dry. Spores somewhat apiculate, 12 to 16 x 7 to 9 p.
Stropharia stercoraria I'r.
Pileus yellow, fleshy but thin at the margin, hemispherical then expanded, orbicular, pelliculose-viscous, smooth.
Lamellae adnate, very broad behind, somewhat crowded, olivaceous-fuscous or umber-fuscous.
Stem stuffed with a separate white fibrous pith, equal, viscous, yellowish; ring flocculose, not prominent.
Pileus 2.5 to 3.5 cm. broad; stem 5 to 7.5 cm. high; spores purple-brown, 17 x 13 p.
92 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
On a manure pile, Wheaton, May, June, 1905. The stem is stramineous without and within. The pileus is of a livid-yellowish color becoming darker in drying. Spores ellipsoidal, 16 to 17 x8tolOy. Prof. Peck (Rep. N. Y. Mus. 23: 98), states that the stem is “stuffed with a whitish pith.’ In our specimens the pith is brownish, darker than the inner surface of the stem. The stem becomes fistulose at the base in large plants as they mature.
HYPHOLOMA.
Hymenophore continuous with the stem; veil woven into a web which adheres to the margin of the pileus, often wanting in old specimens; pileus more or less fleshy, the margin at first in- curved; lamellae adnate or sinuate. Cespitose, growing chiefly on wood, sometimes on the ground. Spores fuscous-brown or fuscous-purple.
Plant not hygrophanous..... Weltk se ae dy 2) ao an Plant hygrophanous...... ih aoe Oe ee 2% 1. Pileus smooth, tawny- -brick- red. _....H. sublateritium. : 1. Pileus innate-scaly, ochraceous or brown- 4 iste ee -.........H.lackrymabundum — 2. Lamellae at first violaceous......... H. Candolleanum. 2. Lamellae at first whitish............H. appendiculatum. 2. Lamellae at first watery-cinnamon....H. subaquilum. Hypholoma sublateritium Schaeff. ;
Pileus tawny brick-red, but paler around the margin and — covered over with a superficial, somewhat silky cloudiness, fleshy, — convex-plane, obtuse, discoid, dry, even, becoming smooth; flesh compact, white, then becoming yellow.
Lamellae adnate, more or less crowded, narrow, at first ding yellowish and darker at the base, then fuliginous inclining to olivaceous.
Stem stuffed, stout and firm, commonly manifestly attenuated — downwards, rarely equal, scaly-fibrillose, fibrils pallid, ferrugi- nous ieee Bele veil superior, at first w hite, at length becoming — black.
Pileus 2.5 to 7.5 em. long; stem 5 to 10 em. long, 4 to 8 mm. thick; spores fuscous-purple, Vag) ee,
Cespitose and gregarious, about old stumps. October. Some of our specimens can be referred with equal propriety ‘ae Prof. Peck’s H. perplexuwm.
Hypholoma lachrymabundum Ir. (Plate XI, Fig. 1.)
Pileus whitish when young, then dingy-brown, becoming pale around the margin, fleshy, scaly-hairy, the innate scales ne pally flesh whitish.
Lamellae adnate, crowded, whitish then fuscous-purple, t edge distilling drops in wet weather.
Stem hollow, fibrillose-squamose, somewhat thickened at th base, becoming fuscous-whitish. Veil separate, fibrillose, ap pendiculate.
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 93
Spores brownish-purple, 10 x 5 to 6 pw. Pileus 5 to 7.5 em. broad; stem 5 cm. long, 6 to 8 mm. thick.
On the ground in woods. Glencoe, Warrenville, Bartlett. September and October. Lamellae adnate, sinuate, easily separating from the stem, light-yellow in the young plant: flesh of pileus and stem yellowish slowly turning to brownish when c ut. Stem clothed like the pileus up to the obsolete ring, white-pruinose above it.
Hypholoma Candolleanum I'r
Pileus date-brown becoming white, vertex somewhat ochra- ceous, somewhat fleshy, acorn-shaped then campanulate, soon convex and at length flattened, obtuse and unequal, smooth, even. Veil appendiculate, white, at length becoming fuscous.
Lamellae rounded-adnexed, then separating, crowded, viola- ceous, then fuscous-cinnamon, the edge at first whitish.
Stem fistulose at the apex, solid at the base, somewhat thick- ened, fibrillose, white, striate at the apex.
Pileus 5 to 10 em. broad; stem 7.5 cm. long, 4 to 8 mm. thick. Densely cespitose, fragile, very hygrophanous.
Gregarious in short grass in lawns under trees, after rains. Spring to autumn. Mellvane notes that “the gills are cream- colored at first, then purplish, then very dark.’ H. incertum Peck, seems to be very near this.
Hypholoma appendiculatum Bull.
Pileus date-brown then tawny, becoming ochrey-pale when dry, fleshy-membranaceous, thin, ovate then expanded, at length flattened, obtuse, smooth, when dry slightly wrinkled, some what sprinkled with atoms; veil fringing the margin of the pileus, fugacious, white.
Lamellae somewhat adnate, crowded, arid, white then flesh- colored, at length fuscous.
Stem fistulose, equal, smooth, white, pruinate at the apex.
Pileus 5 to 10 em. broad; stem 7.5 cm. long, 4 to 6 mm. thick.
Densely cespitose, very fragile and hygrophanous, much thinner and more fragile than H. Candolleanum. (Stevenson.)
About old stumps in woods.
Hypholoma subaquilum Banning.
Pileus brown, convex, smooth, hygrophanous, often shaded into ochre at the margin, veil de ‘licate, silk-like, encircling and covering the marginal extremities of the lamellae but forming no ring on “the stem; flesh white, turning umber when cut.
‘Lamellae adnexed or nearly free, close, forked, umber.
Stem cespitose, regular, hollow, silky, white.
In dense cespitose clusters in a woodland pasture. War- renville. September and October. Lamellae watery-cinnamon, becoming umber; veil woven, concealing the lamellae in the young plant, soon disappearing; stem pruinate at the apex. Pileus
94 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
2 to 7 em. broad; stem 3 to 5 em. long, 4 to 6 mm. thick. Spores subellipsoid, 5x 4. It may be that this species is common and has been overlooked on account of its resemblance to H. ap- pendiculatum.
PSILOCYBE.
No manifest veil; stem somewhat cartilaginous, rigid or tough, tubular, the tube hollow or stuffed, often rooting; pileus more or less fleshy, smooth, the margin at first incruved. Growing on the ground, gregarious or cespitose. Spores fuscous-purple.
Pileus 3.5 to 10 em. broad; lamellae rounded be-
Wnt sh iat ace ee the epee ge ie Sees ae F. spadicea. Pileus 1.5 to 5 em. broad, lamellae rounded in PROT GSA ee 2, eS Ree ee P. foenisecit.
Psilocybe spadicea ['r.
Rigid; pileus fleshy, convex-plane, obtuse, even, moist, hy- grophanous.
Lamellae rotundate-attached, dry, close, whitish then fleshy- brown.
Stem hollow, tough, pallid, even at the apex.
Pileus 3.5 to 7.5 cm. broad; stem 7.5 to 10 cm. long, 6 to 10 mm. thick.
Clay bank in a thicket, Glen Ellyn. August. A lax cluster of a dozen or more plants. Pileus 5 to 10 em. broad, grayish- brown when moist, paler and somewhat radiate-striate in drying; lamellae ventricose, fleshy-cinnamon then rich umber, 8 to 10 mm. broad. Spores umber, oval, 10 x 7 ». Our specimens agree with the characters given by Stevenson, I; 329. Prof. Peck, in N. Y. Mus. Rep’t 23;99, has described a much smaller plant. Mcllvane, in Am. Fungi, has copied Peck’s description and has added a cut which may stand for almost anything from a Coprinus to a Marasmius. The stems of our plant are often curved and rooted at the base.
Psilocybe foenisecii Pers.
Pileus pale fuliginous-fuscous, or brown, becoming pale, fleshy chiefly at the disk, campanulate-convex, obtuse, dry, smooth.
Lamellae adnate, ventricose in front, somewhat distant, livid- fuscous at the sides, at length umber.
Stem fistulose, tense and straight, rigid-fragile, equal, naked, rufescent, at first paler and white-pulverulent, somewhat pubes- cent.
Spores 11 x 7 (M. J. B.); 10 x 5 to 6 w. (Massee.) Pileus 2.5 to 5 em. broad; stem 5 to 7.5 em. long, 2 to 4 mm. thick.
Gregarious in short grass in lawns. Wheaton. July. Pileus hygrophanous, watery-brown in wet weather, banded with various tints of brown when parting with its moisture, 1.5 to 3 em. broad; stem often crooked, and with a few mycelial fibers at the base. When growing in manured soil it is much more robust, attaining
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 95
a height of 10 cm. with a pileus up to 5 cm. in breadth. Spores umber-purple, ellipsoid, bluntly pointed at one or both ends, 12 to 14x 8to9 pz.
PSATHYRA.
Veil none, or only universal and floccose-fibrillose; pileus conical or campanulate, membranaceous, the margin at first straight and adpressed to the stem. Stem somewhat cartilagi- nous, fistulose, polished, fragile. Plants slender, hygrophanous, growing on the ground or on “trunks. Spores fuscous- purple.
'Psathyra semivestita B. and Br.
Pileus dark-brown becoming pale, ovate, obtuse, sprinkled with little snow-white fibrils more than half way up.
Lamellae adnate, ascending, broad behind, umber-brown.
Stem fistulose, nearly straight, fibrillose-silky, snow-white with a pale under tinge of brown, the walls within white with down.
Pileus about 12 mm. broad; stem 5 em. long, 3 mm. thick. Spores elongated-pruniform, 14 p.
In short grass in open woods. Winfield, June, 1905. Pileus hygrophanous, often more or less umbonate in young plants, the umbo paler as the plants part with their moisture and disappear- ing with age. The minute fibrils or atoms with which the outer part of the young pileus is clothed glisten when viewed under a lens. The stem is rigid-fragile, more or less striate beneath its silky covering. Pileus usually 12 to 15 mm. broad, exceptionally 25mm. The spores are dark brown, 13 to 18x 8to9p. Young umbonate specimens are perhaps P. wmbonata Peck.
COPRINUS.
Hymenophore separate from the stem; lamellae membranous, at first pressed together and cohering, scissile, at length melting away into a black fluid; trama obsolete. Spores oval, even, black. With a ring.. ree Mos > Aa co ae 2 Ue ee Without aring.... a ects cate ake, v).cc0s tc ee
1. Not hygrophanous. ea eee 2
1. Hygrophanous. 3 2. Pileus whitish or gray ish, breaking up into
BRereesCMlOS rs f.4 06.2. i vss. -.s.....+C. comatus. 2. Paileus lurid- fuliginous , suleate, disk squamu- BOSC nds. ss Pee a Fe hg «oS CO MeERTAntise 3. Pileus thin, fragile, with superficial patches of tomentum.............C. varvegatus: 4. Pileus adorned with micaceous scales... ....C. micaceus. 4. Pileus adorned with floccose-squamose white OLS, ab |b Migr ee Se C. fimentarius. 4. Pileus very delicate, glabrous.............C. plicatilis. 4. Pileus very delicate, slightly scurfy........C. ephemerus.
96 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Coprinus comatus Fr.
Pileus cylindrical then campanulate, whitish or tinted och- raceous, at first even, then becoming broken up into scattered, more or less reflexed large torn scales, soon becoming campanulate and pinkish-gray at the | margin.
Lamellae slightly adnexed, pink then blackish.
Stem stout; volva usually evanescent, its free margin forming a ring which is carried up for some distance by the elongating stem.
Pileus 9 to 15 em. high, 2.5 to 5 em. broad; stem 12 to 20 cm. long.
On lawns, in alleys and waste places, more frequently in autumn. Edible and of excellent flavor.
Coprinus atramentarius Ir.
Pileus lurid-fuliginous, becoming hoary with adpressed silky lustre, shghtly fleshy, ovate then campanulate, wholly longitudin- ally and deeply suleate and ribbed, repand-unequal at the margin, brownish-squamulose on the disk.
Lamellae free, broad, white, then purplish-black.
Stem firm, hollow, longitudinally fibrillose, white.
Pileus 2.5 to 7.5 em. broad; stem 4 to 8 cm. or more long, 4 to 8 mm. thick; spores 9 to 10 x 6 p.
On lawns and about stumps; common from June until frost. Often in large cespitose clumps. Edible, but soft and watery when cooked.
Coprinus variegatus Pk.
Pileus fleshy, thin, fragile, oblong-ovate then campanulate, obtuse, hy srophanous, pale watery- brown when moist, whitish or cream-color when dry, variegated by seales or patches of a superficial ochraceous tomentum, the margin finely striate.
Lamellae lanceolate, crowded, ascending, free, white then rusty-brown finally black.
Stem equal, brittle, hollow, white, at first peronate-annulate, then floccose-pruinose, with white, branching, net-like threads at the base. —
Spores subelliptical, 8 ». Densely cespitose; pileus 2.5 to 3.5 em. broad; stem 7.5 to 12.5 em. high, 4 to 8 mm. thick.
On and about dead stumps and rotten wood. Wheaton, Glen Ellyn, Thatchers and Riverside. May to July.
In our plant the pileus is at first ovate, then campanulate, at length rimose with the ends of the segments recurved; membran- aceous, at first covered with the thick straw-colored universal veil which afterwards breaks away into large, irregular scales or patches, disclosing the dingy-w hite or bluish- white, smooth surface of the pileus. Lamellae 6 mm. broad, free, ventricose, at first bluish-white, at length umber-blackish, somewhat crowded. Stem attenuated from the enlarged, scarcely bulbous, slenderly- rooting base to the apex, hollow, the opening truncate at the apex.
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NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 97
Coprinus fimentarius I'r
Pileus membranaceous, thin, at first cylindrical, at length revo- lute and torn at the margin, when young covered with floccose- squamose white scales which separate from the vertex toward the circumference, at length naked, longitudinally cracked but not opening into furrows, the vertex, which remains entire, livid.
Lamellae free, ree .ching the stem, at first ventricose then linear, flexuous, black.
Stem hollow, fragile, thickened and solid at the base, at- tenuated upwards, shining white and villous with squamules of the same color.
On dung in a woodland pasture, River Forest. June.
Coprinus micaceus Ir.
Pileus oval then campanulate, margin pheate and irregular, striate, tawny-ochraceous, at first covered with glistening mi- ‘aceous particles, soon naked and becoming suleate.
Lamellae adnexed.
Stem white, silky, hollow.
Pileus 3 to 6 em. broad; stem 5 to 8 em. long;
ge; spores 7 to 8 x 4 to 5 Bb.
In sodded ground along a railroad track, Glen Ellyn. On stumps of street trees, Wheaton. May and October. * Lake View at the base of trees, in great clumps. Pepoon. Found growing on the mycelium of Ozonium auricomum Lk.,on rotten log at River Forest. October , 1908
Coprinus plicatilis Ir
Pileus very delicate, cylindric-ovate then campanulate, soon plane, coarsely grooved, glabrous, pale-brown, then grayish, disk broad, even, at length depressed, darker.
Lamellae free, attached to a collar, distant from the stem.
Stem white, smooth, hollow.
Pileus 1 to 2 cm. broad; stem 5 to 8 em. long; spores 11 to 15 x 8 to 9 p.
Mulching about shrubs, garden, Wheaton. June. Ephemer- al, disappearing before the middle of the forenoon. The pileus is of a dull, lead-gray color. The spores of our specimens vary much in size and shape. They are black, elliptic-oblong, some- what irregular, frequently mucronate at one end, 9to 15 x6 toS p.
In manure about a greenhouse, Chicago. May. Pepoon.
Coprinus ephemerus Ir.
Pileus very delicate, ovate then campanulate, sulcate, slightly seurfy at first, disk elevated, even, rufescent.
Lamellae slightly adnexed.
Stem glabrous, pellucid, whitish, hollow.
Pileus 1 to 2 ecm. broad; stem 3 to 6 cm. long; spores 16 to ix 9 to 10 pz.
98 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
In mulching under shrubs in a garden, Wheaton. June. Very ephemeral, withering away if carried in the hand a few minutes. Pileus in our specimens 4 to S mm. broad, lamellae at first whitish, soon fuscous-black; spores large, ellipsoidal,
EXO p. PANAEOLUS.
Veil woven, often wanting; stem polished, slightly firm; pileus slightly fleshy, not striate, the margin exceeding the lamellae; lamellae ascending into the